Since the 1970s, many economies increasingly rely on ‘importing’ water embedded in food imports, a process referred to here as virtual-water ‘imports’. In water-scarce countries, ‘imports’ are used protect economy’s own which would otherwise be consumed production meet growing population and economy needs, or support population’s needs beyond that sustainable by internal resources. This is deco...

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its mandate is twofold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member countries on sound energy policy. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy cooperation among 28 advanced economies, each...

This article uses the experience of five European countries to review the integrated approaches (human, animal and vector) for surveillance and monitoring of West Nile virus (WNV) at national and European levels. The epidemiological situation of West Nile fever in Europe is heterogeneous. No model of surveillance and monitoring fits all, hence this article merely encourages countries to impleme...

ABSTRACT- This study aims to model optimal cultivation pattern based on the maximization of importing virtual water and social net income of major crops in Marvdasht, Iran. For this purpose, a linear programming model was developed considering constraints of virtual water and land limitations followed by other models to include employment restrictions. Based on the findings, wheat and tomato we...

The growing internationalisation of the world economy in recent decades has placed firms under strong competitive pressures, but has also handed them new opportunities to improve their productivity by exploiting, for example, the cost advantages and technological progress available to those which import intermediate goods and services for use in their production. Despite the strong development ...

studying juridical and legal nature of time sharing samad hazrati[1]   abstract in the modern era, which is called communication era, the effect and influence of legal systems are inevitable, since industrial development, technology, sciences and human knowledge result in  new  events in different fields such as legal regulations and vast relationships among the nations and states result in tra...

B ecoming independent of crude oil imports, mainly from the Middle East, is an urgent concern for many countries all over the world. In order to secure a sustainable energy supply, especially in the transportation sector, governments need to apply policies that promote the use of renewable energy technologies. The dependence on crude oil imports decreases as the production of total energy from ...

Focusing on gas, this article explores the role of the European Commission in the process of European Union energy security policy development, and the extent to which the policy area is becoming increasingly supranational. Situating the article within the literature on agenda-setting and framing, it is argued that a policy window was opened as a result of: enlargement to include more energy im...

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – twofold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and...