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8 Chapter

Beginning almost two decades ago, I wrote a series of law review articles about the nature of legal proof in the context of probabilistic evidence or analysis. In these articles, I explored, in passing, some of the differences between the legal system’s concept of proof of facts, especially in the context of civil litigation, and the same subject as seen by scientists, especially those analyzin...

The aim of the present study is to propose legal reform limiting surgeons' criminal liability in high-accuracy and high-risk surgery such as endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The study includes a review of the medical literature, focusing on identifying and examining reasons why ESS carries a very high risk of serious complications related to inaccurate surgical manoeuvers and reviewing British a...

Background: Online judgment is an economical and faster way than the judicial one. With the ‎development of technology in recent decades, it has also been possible to make judgments ‎online. Although few countries have incorporated this approach into their laws, online ‎judgments are being developed and implemented in various areas such as international trade or ‎intellectual property. The pres...

We demonstrate that the laws of Zipf and Benford, that govern scores of data generated by many and diverse kinds of human activity (as well as other data from natural phenomena), are the centerpiece expressions of a generalized thermodynamic structure. This structure is obtained from a deformed type of statistical mechanics that arises when configurational phase space is incompletely visited in...

The treatment of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and the environmental impact of discarding the resulting residues are subjects of worldwide concern. Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) is the waste generated during the vehicle hulk shredding process, and its efficient processing represents a major concern, especially in Japan. This paper focuses on the ASR recycling process in the Japanese legislati...

The law-psychology movement emerged in the 1960s with a steadfast commitment to humanizing the law and legal decision making, guided by psychological values and insights. Many observers note that the movement has mostly failed to meet its objectives, unable to produce social change in any radical or otherwise substantial way. One explanation for these disappointing results is that no systematic...

Given the well-known difficulties in defining and detecting fatigue, it is a real challenge to incorporate it into either traffic or criminal law. Finnish traffic law forbids fatigued driving "only" on a general level concerning the driver's fitness to drive. We present several comments from Finnish traffic and local police officers regarding their own experiences of driving while fatigued. The...

The objective of this paper is to provide an update to psychiatrists regarding the new Brazilian Law for the Inclusion of People with Disabilities (BLI, Law 13,146 of 2015), and, specifically, to discuss potential implications of situations in which examination by a forensic psychiatrist points toward civil incompetence, while the above-mentioned law mandates full civil capacity for disabled pe...