In his classic book, Structure and Change in Economic History, Douglass North sums up the nature of the ancient Egyptian state. As religious ruler, the pharaoh was the ultimate owner of land, which was controlled mainly by temples and state officials. But when the Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BC, agrarian property rights were at a turning point. Private landowners became politically dominant an...

Recent global developments in the regulation of trade and intellectual property rights threaten to hinder the access of populations in developing countries to essential drugs. The authors argue for state intervention in the health and pharmaceutical markets in order to guarantee equitable access to these products.

This paper explores the interaction between long run economic growth, financial development, and intellectual property rights through a general equilibrium, over-lapping generation, infinite horizon, endogenous R&D model with heterogeneous agents. I find that a reduced collateral constraint leads to both an ability to engage more heavily in research and a reduced incentive to engage in research...

This paper explores the contradictions inherent in one of the more popular buzzwords of today: sustainable development. I argue that despite claims of a paradigm shift, the sustainable development paradigm is based on an economistic, not ecological rationality. Discourses of sustainable development embody a view of nature specified by modern economic thought. One consequence of this discourse i...

neuroeconomics that has merged from the interaction of neuroscience, economics and psychology, is. promising new approach to understanding human behavior in economic analysis, especially as an selector (that is the fundamental issue is economics). this article illustrate the advantages of neuroeconomics and with focus on methodology of economics and ability of this branch of economic for theori...