Equality constraints (a.k.a. unification constraints) have widespread use in static program analysis, most notably in static polymorphic type systems. Conditional equality constraints extend equality constraints with a weak form of subtyping to allow more accurate analyses and more expressive type systems. In this paper, we present a complete complexity characterization of the various entailmen...

The de nition of Standard ML provides a form of generic equality which is inferred for certain types, called equality types, on which it is possible to de ne an equality relation in ML. However, the standard de nition is incomplete in the sense that there are interesting and useful types which are not inferred to be equality types but for which an equality relation can be de ned in ML in a unif...

Polymorphic equality is a controversial language construct. While being convenient for the programmer, it has been argued that polymorphic equality (1) invites to violation of software engineering principles, (2) lays a serious burden on the language implementor, and (3) enforces a runtime overhead due to the necessity of tagging values at runtime. We show that neither (2) nor (3) are inherent ...

This paper provides a stronger result for exploiting positive equality in the logic of Equality with Uninterpreted Functions (EUF). Positive equality analysis is used to reduce the number of interpretations required to check the validity of a formula. We remove the primary restriction of the previous approach proposed by Bryant, German and Velev [5], where positive equality could be exploited o...

Higher levels of women's alcohol consumption have long been attributed to increases in gender equality. However, only limited research examines the relationship between gender equality and alcohol consumption. This study examined associations between five measures of state-level gender equality and five alcohol consumption measures in the United States. Survey data regarding men's and women's a...

Social scientists draw important lessons for modern development from the medieval Maghribi traders who, it has been argued, lacked effective legal mechanisms for contract enforcement and instead relied on informal sanctions based on collective ostracism within an exclusive coalition. We show that this claim is untenable. Not a single empirical example adduced as evidence of the putative coaliti...

It is pointed out that the average semi-inclusive particle phase-space density at freeze-out can be determined from the coincidence probability of the events observed in multiparticle production. The method of measurement is described and its accuracy examined. 1. Recently, several methods were proposed which allow to estimate the average of the single-particle inclusive phase-space density pro...

The Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory of evidence suggests a coherent approach to aggregate evidence bearing on groups of mutually exclusive hypotheses; however, the uncertain relationships between evidence and hypotheses are difficult to represent in applications of the theory. In this paper, we extend the multivalued mapping in the D-S theory to a probabilistic one that uses conditional probabilit...

A linear programming technique is used to decompose agricultural total factor productivity change in China’s provinces during the period 1985 to 1994. The method allows the decomposition of productivity growth into two mutually exclusive and exhaustive parts: technological change and changes in pure technical efficiency. The decomposition provides a natural way to differentiate innovations from...

The authors hereby grant you non-exclusive and non-transferable license to use, copy and modify this manual for non-commercial purposes. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Frédéric Benhamou and Frédéric Goualard for many interesting discussions on interval constraint satisfaction techniques, and Luc Jaulin who gave me interesting feedback on an early version of RealPaver.