This paper compares epistemic virtue from the viewpoints of Zagzebski and Mulla Sadra, aiming to determine the extent to which their viewpoints on epistemic virtue are similar. Zagzebski, the contemporary philosopher, considers epistemic virtue as the basis on which knowledge is interpreted. She sees epistemic virtue as a requirement for achieving knowledge. Mulla Sadra, the founder of Transcen...

The current study intends to conduct a comparative analysis of modality in English and Behdini-Kurdish. Modality is linguistic category pertaining expressing possibility necessity, among other meanings. paper’s central problem that Behdini-Kurdish learners face difficulty comprehending the notion English, precisely modal auxiliary verbs. primary goals this investigation are define epistemic deo...

This paper shows how propositional dynamic logic (PDL) can be interpreted as a logic for multi-agent belief revision. For that we revise and extend the logic of communication and change (LCC) of [9]. Like LCC, our logic uses PDL as a base epistemic language. Unlike LCC, we start out from agent plausibilities, add their converses, and build knowledge and belief operators from these with the PDL ...

The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, known as Brexit, is arguably most important political, social, and economic phenomenon in British post-WWII history. This paper analyses parliamentary debates December 2018 concerning Withdrawal Act, focusing on epistemic modality of Member Parliaments' (MP) statements, to investigate ontology Brexit. Epistemic refers linguistic devices t...

This paper describes the use of perhaps, maybe and possibly in a crossdisciplinary corpus of academic and popularised scientific writing. It accounts for their higher frequency in popularised discourse by investigating their functions in detail. The analysis, conducted from various perspectives (syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and rhetorical), suggests that two factors are at work: the evidentia...

Grammaticalization deals with a diachronic process whereby a lexical word evolves into a grammatical word. The typological study recognized the common directionality of grammaticalization among different languages. Two common directionalities in grammaticalization are recognized in the case of the modal markers of possibility: (1) ability > root possibility > permission 1 and (2) ability> root ...

Korean has some nouns which are used for expressing ability, possibility and necessity, such as swu (‘ability/possibility’), li (‘(circumstantial) possibility’), and philyo (‘necessity’). As with modal expressions familiar from other languages, for example English can, swu allows both dynamic (ability) and epistemic (possibility) interpretations. In contrast, li only has an epistemic interpreta...

BAN logic is a propositional logic of knowledge for the verification of cryptographic protocols. While BAN logic has been successful from a practical point of view, the semantics of the epistemic (knowledge) modality is unclear. Several Kripke semantics have been proposed, but they do not attempt at anything beyond a soundness result. Completeness is prevented by the so called logical omniscien...

In this commentary, I address two aspects of Broekhuis and Verkuyl’s (2013) paper Binary Tense and Modality, pertaining to the analysis of the present and the future. Broekhuis and Verkuyl propose an analysis of the morphological present in Dutch as a prospective interval allowing reference to times after the speech time. This renders the Dutch auxiliary zullen redundant as a future marker—and ...