Genetic factors are clearly important in the etiology of schizophrenia, but the environment in which an individual's genes find expression is also crucial to the development of the illness. In this review of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, we consider risks operating prenatally and perinatally, during childhood, and then later in life prior to illness onset Some of these risk fact...

People who smoke may tend to drink more alcoholic beverages and coffee and consume more non-narcotic pain relievers than nonsmokers. Several studies have reported a relationship between the severity of alcoholand nicotine-dependency, which in turn, may be controlled by genetic factors. Some research suggests that smoking may reduce the intoxicating effects of alcohol, promoting the progression ...

Risk analysis may be defined as the problem of estimating the probabilities of rare events and the magnitudes of associated damages. The topic unifies the environmental sciences. This paper considers risk analyses for earthquakes, wildfires and floods. The computation of insurance premiums is used to motivate and unite the work.

This paper describes an approach to incorporating environmental risk evaluation criteria within IMO’s guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA). Such criteria are currently absent from FSA, and the discussion to include them has just started. Said criteria are relevant for evaluating on a cost-benefit basis Risk Control Options (RCOs) for reducing oil spill pollution risk. Oil pollution may...

Autism is a devastating childhood condition that has emerged as an increasing social concern just as it has increased in prevalence in recent decades. Autism and the broader category of autism spectrum disorders are among the increasingly seen examples in which there is a fetal basis for later disease or disorder. Environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors all play a role in determining the...

This comprehensive and easy-to-read treatment of the various facets, history, and criticisms involved in risk assessment for environmental health focuses on tools and approaches used for humans in an environment involving potential chemical hazards. The first part introduces the underlying principles and techniques of the field, and the second examines case studies in terms of different risk as...

Over the past half century, environmental risk assessment (ERA) has become increasingly important in political decisions. It forms an important basis within the World Trade Organization’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS) and is an important touch point within the Convention on Biological Diversity. The scope of ERA is expanding rapidly both in the issues that it covers and in its role...

in the last decades, pesticides have been used extensively, in order to control pests and plant diseases, but negative impacts of pesticides caused several environmental problems and put human health in danger. in order to decrease environmental hazards of pesticide, risk of pesticide application should be measured briefly and precisely. in this study environmental impacts of registered insecti...

mitigate known exposures, extrapolate environmental remediation knowledge, and share lessons of effective risk communication from industrialized countries with less developed areas of the world. To facilitate this process, global health concerns resulting from environmental exposures need to be addressed universally. Additionally, the global scientific community must commit to working together ...

environmental effects associated with pesticide application have motivated the development of integrated pest management programs throughout the world. advantages of the implementation of such a program like food security, biodiversity, consumer and producer security can be stated as economic value. estimating the economic value of such programs can be helpful in identifying the benefits as wel...