One conclusion that emerged from our discussions with the emergency re­ sponder community is that protecting the health and safety of law enforcement responders may be the most challenging personal protection task within the community.1 A major part of the challenge stems from the difficulties in charac­ terizing the hazards that law enforcement responders face. These difficulties are compounde...

The discovery of DNA technology is considered one of the most revolutionary and beneficial contributions to the modern industrialized world. Not only has it led to formidable advances in medicine and genetic biology, but, in the past ten years, DNA technology also has become an important tool to law enforcement personnel and the legal community. Since 1986, police officers and lawyers have used...

Traffic and environmental conditions (e.g., weather conditions), which frequently change with time, have a significant impact on crash occurrence. Traditional crash frequency models with large temporal scales and aggregated variables are not sufficient to capture the time-varying nature of driving environmental factors, causing significant loss of critical information on crash frequency modelin...

Recent controversies about the National Security Agency’s warrantless wiretapping of international calls have overshadowed equally disturbing allegations that the government has acquired access to a huge database of domestic call traffic data, revealing information about times, dates, and numbers called. Although communication content traditionally has been the primary focus of concern about ov...

claimant and defendant’s presence has different consequences and sanctions if the legislator said that their default is not an obstacle for proceeding. current remedy is annulling the claim or default judgment. this remedy is different in the previous islamic law and our past laws and french law. the notion of presence in islamic law is personal presence and so is different from its current not...