We consider the Nielsen identities for the two-point functions of full QCD and QED in the class of Lorentz gauges. For pedagogical reasons the identities are first derived in QED to demonstrate the gauge independence of the photon self-energy, and of the electron mass shell. In QCD we derive the general identity and hence the identities for the quark, gluon and ghost propagators. The explicit c...

QMA and QCMA are possible quantum analogues of the complexity class NP. In QCMA the verifier is a quantum program and the proof is classical. In contrast, in QMA the proof is also a quantum state. We show that two known QMA-complete problems can be modified to QCMAcomplete problems in a natural way: (1) Deciding whether a 3-local Hamiltonian has low energy states (with energy smaller than a giv...

We use the Lagrange identity method and the logarithmic convexity to obtain uniqueness and exponential growth of solutions in the thermoelasticity of type III and thermoelasticity without energy dissipation. As this is not the first contribution of this kind in this theory, it is worth remarking that the assumptions we use here are different from those used in other previous contributions. We a...

This article examines how Indian Americans’ religious organizations send not only financial remittances to India, but also social remittances that shape development ideologies. Comparing Indian-American Hindu and Muslim organizations, I find both groups draw from their socioeconomic experiences in India and use their position as elite immigrants in the United States to identify and empower thei...

The purpose of this paper is to determine the large N asymptotics of the free energy FN (a, U |A) of Y M2 (two-dimensional Yang Mills theory) with gauge group GN = SU(N) on a cylinder where a is a so-called principal element of type ρ. Mathematically, FN (U1, U2|A) = 1 N2 log HGN (A/2N, U1, U2) is the central heat kernel of GN . We find that FN (aN , UN |A) ∼ N A Ξ(dθ, dσ) where Ξ is an explici...

Lavelle-McMullan symmetry of QED is examined at classical and quantum levels. It is shown that Lavelle-McMullan symmetry does not give any new non-trivial information in QED by examining the Ward-Takahashi identities. Being inspired by the examination of Ward-Takahashi identity, we construct the generalized non-local and non-covariant symmetries of QED.

In the current study, we evaluated the impact of exercise intensity on gender differences in upper-body poling among cross-country skiers, as well as the associated differences in aerobic capacity, maximal strength, body composition, technique and extent of training. Eight male and eight female elite skiers, gender-matched for level of performance by FIS points, carried out a 4-min submaximal, ...

In this paper we derive boundary integral identities for the bi-Laplacian eigenvalue problems under Dirichlet, Navier and simply-supported boundary conditions. By using these integral identities, we first obtain uniqueness criteria for the solutions of the bi-Laplacian eigenvalue problems, and then prove that each eigenvalue of the problem with simply-supported boundary conditions increases str...

Recent work at the boundary of culture and the economy focuses on relations between meaningful subjectivity and macro-level structure. This special issue features new directions in the study of culture and classification in markets, including research on vocabularies of organizing, cross-national comparisons of market identities, development of metrics and theory for assessing the recognition o...

Abstract The generalization of the two-loop Pinch Technique to the Electroweak Sector of the Standard Model is presented. We restrict ourselves to the case of conserved external currents, and provide a detailed analysis of both the charged and neutral sectors. The crucial ingredient for this construction is the identification of the parts discarded during the pinching procedure with well-define...