A proper regulation of the innate immune response is fundamental to keep the immune system in check and avoid a chronic status of inflammation. As they act as negative modulators of TLR signaling pathways, miRNAs have been recently involved in the control of the inflammatory response. However, their role in the context of endotoxin tolerance is just beginning to be explored. We here show that m...

The injection of repeated doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in attenuation of the febrile response, which is called endotoxin tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) arising from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays a role in endotoxin tolerance, using not only pharmacological trials but also genetically engineered mice. Body core temperature was measured by biotelemetr...

Suter, Ullman, and Hoffman (1) were the first to report that mice infected with an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG) are more susceptible than control animals to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxins derived from Gram-negative organisms. This was confirmed by Howard et al. (2) who also showed that increased activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) exists at a ti...

The ability of bacterial endotoxins to produce local inflammation has been recognized as one of the many biologic activities of these intriguing products of the gram-negative bacterial cell.1" This property of endotoxin, however, has not been studied extensively with the highly purified materials now available. Preliminary observations are reported here on the inflammatory response elicited by ...