This study was conducted to verify effects of repeated simulationexposure by the role on hospital emergency care. A non-equivalent control group design was used in this study. 144 nursing students had 6 time simulation-based educations. The experimental group (n=65) had leader experiences but the control group (n=79) didn’t have. Satisfaction, selfevaluation and performance were measured to com...

Civilian populations are at risk from exposure to toxic materials as a result of accidental or deliberate exposure. In addition to industrial hazards, toxic agents designed for use in warfare now are a potential hazard in everyday life through terrorist action. Civil emergency medical responders should be able to adapt their plans for dealing with casualties from hazardous materials (HazMat) to...

Warning signals generated by sirens of authorized emergency vehicles should be audible and recognizable to all road users. Currently, there is no legislation in Poland defining sound pressure levels (SPLs) of audible warning signals generated by sirens of authorized emergency vehicles. Measured A-weighted SPLs of those signals range between 104 and 108 dB. While for road users, an audible warni...

OBJECTIVES To assess critical incident exposure among prehospital emergency services personnel in the developing world context of South Africa; and to assess associated mental health consequences. METHODS We recruited a representative sample from emergency services in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, to participate in this cross sectional epidemiological study. Questionnaires covered ...

With the ICRP recommendations Publications 103, 109 and 111 (ICRP, 2007; ICRP 2009a, 2009b), new concepts and quantities have been introduced into emergency management and rehabilitation. two of them will possibly influence national procedures, but for sure they will influence countermeasure simulation approaches: 1. the concept of a “reference level” for emergency and existing controllable exp...

The purpose of this review is to examine the literature regarding occult and chronic exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide (CO)— that is, levels insufficient to cause emergency department attendance or admission to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of acute CO poisoning, although this in fact is the cause of the symptoms. More is known about acute CO poisoning, but knowledge and awareness ...

We report the case of a fisherman who was exposed to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas from the fish garbage room. The patient survived and was discharged with full recovery from the hospital. H2S is a colourless, foul smelling and highly toxic gas next to carbon monoxide, which causes inhalation death. It is a by-product of various industrial processes particularly involves exp...