The prevalence of airway dysfunction in elite swimmers is among the highest in elite athletes. The traditional view that swimmers naturally gravitate toward swimming because of preexisting respiratory disorders has been challenged. There is now sufficient evidence that the higher prevalence of bronchial tone disorders in elite swimmers is not the result of a natural selection bias. Rather, the ...

In this paper, we explore how in the world’s largest democracy, India, the presence of different elite groups – the dominant landed and capitalist elite and the minority elite (who are the elected representatives of the marginalised women and low caste population) – could affect the nature and extent of public spending on various accounts, especially education. We argue that the productive coop...

this article investigates women's status in the nobel prize foundation between the periods 1901 to 2006 as well as twenty academies of sciences in twenty countries. the data obtained from the foundation and also the questionnaires used reveal that female elite scientists constituted a small portion of the elite societies so that during 1901 to 2006 almost four percent of the nobel laureate...

We characterize the outcomes of the tertiary education market in a context where borrowing constraints bind, there is a two-tier college system operating under monopolistic competition in which colleges differ by the quality offered and returns to education depend on the quality of the school attended. College quality, tuition prices, acceptance cut-offs and education demand are all determined ...

This paper, through a case study on the BBC Backstage project, argues that the continuing convergence of media and ICT sectors has encouraged a powerful elite audience group to emerge – what I term “techno elite” in this paper. The techno elite usually have access to the latest knowledge and cutting-edge hardware, and is equipped with good skills of manipulating, configuring and re-configuring ...

There are many notable differences in physical and skill attributes between competition levels, especially in team sports. Stiffness is an important mechanical factor to measure when considering athletic performance and injury incidence. Active vertical stiffness (K(vert)) during hopping and passive stiffness during lying and standing were measured during the preseason period for 46 female netb...

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TWOFOLD (a) to examine if kinetic and kinematic parameters of the sprint start could differentiate elite from sub-elite sprinters and, (b) to investigate whether providing feedback (FB) about selected parameters could improve starting block performance of intermediate sprinters over a 6-week training period. Twelve male sprinters, assigned to an elite or a sub-elit...

BACKGROUND Elite controllers spontaneously suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viremia but also demonstrate chronic inflammation that may increase risk of comorbid conditions. We compared hospitalization rates and causes among elite controllers to those of immunologically intact persons with medically controlled HIV. METHODS For adults in care at 11 sites from 2005 to 2011, person-yea...

migration and quality of redistribution of population across country is one of the main factors that planners take into account to control population and guide its movements to economic poles. scientific recognition of migration phenomenon is important for managing and policy making in the country. these movements change migration pattern, in a way that along with increase in population and the...

BACKGROUND The importance of optimal and/or superior vision for participation in high-level sports remains the subject of considerable clinical research interest. Here, we examine the vision and visual history of elite/near-elite cricketers and rugby-league players. METHODS Stereoacuity (TNO), colour vision, and distance (with/without pinhole) and near visual acuity (VA) were measured in two ...