Mechanisms responsible for the contrast between differently doped areas in semiconductors, which is observed in electron micrographs, is discussed as regards the key factors determining the sign and magnitude of the contrast. Experimental data obtained by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), scanning low energy electron microscope and photoelectron emission microscope are reviewed t...

cadmium oxide (cdo) nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation method using cadmium acetate and ammonia solution. presence of chemical species, were verified by fourier transform infra red (ftir) spectrum. from x-ray diffraction (xrd) spectrum the particle size, d-spacing value and structure of the nanoparticle were analysed. size of the nanoparticles and the elemental composition were detect...

biological packaging material based on obtained proteins from fish waste, are biopolymers that have the capability of biodegradable film formation. thus, purpose of this research is to study and investigate some of films’ physical features made from trout fish myofibril protein. the film forming solution containing 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%(w/v)myofibril protein isolate of 100ml solution and glycerol a...

The knowledge of the theoretical principles of image formation is crucial for understanding what we observe in transmission electron microscope. Two processes mainly determine the image contrast: the electron interaction with specimen and the electron-optical imaging process including the microscope aberrations. Multislice calculation and contrast transfer function are main tools used for inter...

Electron microscopy is a technology for examining the extremely fine detail or ultrastructure of biological specimens. This methodology opened a totally new vista to the human eyewhenbiological ultrastructurewas revealed as a dynamic and architecturally complex arrangement of macromolecules under the direction of genetic units termed genes. Complex subcomponents of the cell, termed organelles, ...

The purpose of this article is to present a practical guide to the identification of phases in the analytical electron microscope with the aid of convergent beam electron diffraction. There is included a step-by-step approach to phase analysis, from the possible choices of the form of the specimen through how to explore reciprocal space in order to perform a full phase identification, either by...

magnetite (fe 3 o 4  and nio) nanoparticles with a size range of 40–60 nm were prepared by sol-gel technique in nano and micro reverse micelles (water- in-oil). the surface properties, size, morphology and crystallographic structure of fe 3 o 4 and nio particles are characterized by means of x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope which will give muc...