At its foundations, Maxwell’s theory of Electrodynamics, like thermodynamics, is a topological theory independent from geometric constraints of metric, scales, or gauge symmetries. One of the most interesting features of Electromagnetism is its relationship to the transport of momentum and energy by means of photons. This article utilizes a topological perspective to discuss the classical featu...

We apply the Faddeev-Jackiw method to the Hamiltonian analysis of the massless spin-two field. As expected, the reduced Hamiltonian contains only the traceless-transverse tensor, while some, but not all of the non-propagating components are determined by the constraints of the theory. In particular, it is concluded that no gauge choice can be imposed on the fields such that only the propagating...

One of the most salient changes in the world economy since 1980 has been the move toward freer trade among countries across the globe. How do existing theories about trade policy explain this puzzle? Three sets of explanations are prominent. First, many focus on changes in trade policy preferences among domestic actors, either societal groups or political leaders. Second, scholars examine chang...

The duality symmetric action for the Born-Infeld theory in terms of two potentials, coupled with non-trivial backgroud fields in four dimensions is established. This construction is carried out in detail by analysing the hamiltonian structure of the Born-Infeld theory. It is shown the equivalence with the usual Born-Infeld theory. Nowadays the concept of duality is widely recognized by its unif...

We give ansatze for solving classically the initial value constraints of general relativity minimally coupled to a scalar field, electromagnetism or YangMills theory. The results include both time-symmetric and asymmetric data. The time-asymmetric examples are used to test Penrose’s cosmic censorship inequality. We find that the inequality can be violated if only the weak energy condition holds...

This non-technical review of Maxwell's contributions to the quantitative theory of colour was presented at a symposium in Aberdeen to celebrate the 150th anniversary of his appointment as professor of natural philosophy at Marischal College. Maxwell maintained his interest in the science of light and colour from his childhood to the last decade of his life. He lavished the same care and imagina...

Negative refraction and left-handed electromagnetism in a photonic crystal are demonstrated in waveguide and free space experiments at microwave frequencies. Precision control to achieve tailor-made refractive indices has been achieved. The negative refraction in these photonic crystals is shown to lead to imaging by a flat lens. We have also developed a generalized theory of flat lens imaging....

A strategy for the analytical solving of ordinary differential equations and a first implementation of it based on mobile agent community, using jini Numerical algorithms are already designed in many domains such that electromagnetism, fluid theory. Numerical codes were developed from these mathematical analyses with interesting performance. Our work is about our runtime platform to execute exi...

We present a model of interacting quantum fields, formulated in a non-perturbative manner. One of the fields is treated semi-classically, the other is the photon field. The model has an interpretation of an electromagnetic field in a fluctuating spacetime. The model is equivalent with the quantization of electromagnetism proposed recently by Czachor. Interesting features are that standard photo...