A bipolar electrode (BPE) is an electrically conductive material that promotes electrochemical reactions at its extremities (poles) even in the absence of a direct ohmic contact. More specifically, when sufficient voltage is applied to an electrolyte solution in which a BPE is immersed, the potential difference between the BPE and the solution drives oxidation and reduction reactions. Because n...

The use of electrically-stimulated skeletal muscle as an endogenous power source is an attractive approach to long-term cardiac assistance. The principle advantage of this technique over current methods is that it obviates the need for extracorporeal power sources and provides a reliable, low-cost, self-sustaining source of energy without immune compromise or loss of patient autonomy. This arti...

This paper examines the incentives to exercise market power that generators would face and the different strategies that they would follow if all electricity supplies in Chile were traded in an hourly-unregulated spot market. The industry is modeled as a Cournot duopoly with a competitive fringe; particular care is given to the hydro scheduling decision. Quantitative simulations of the strategi...

Directional cell migration requires proper cell polarization. The redistribution of the Golgi apparatus is an important event in the polarization and migration of many types of cells, as a polarized Golgi supplies membrane components for leading edge protrusion. Direct current electric fields induce directional cell migration in a wide variety of cells. Here we show that electric fields of 300 ...

The underlying structure of why and how consumers value reliability of electric service is explored, together with the technological options and cost characteristics for the provision of reliability and the conditions under which market mechanisms can be used to match these values and costs efficiently. This analysis shows that the level of reliability of electricity provided through a network ...

Senate Economic Planning Office provides analysis and discussion on important socioeconomic issues as inputs to the work of Senators and Senate Officials. The SEPO Policy Brief is also available at www.senate.gov.ph. Energy security is vital in achieving the government's goal of spurring economic activity to create livelihood and employment for 88.6 million Filipinos, a third of which are curre...

Hydrogen gas production from cellulose was investigated using an integrated hydrogen production process consisting of a dark fermentation reactor and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as power sources for a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). Two MFCs (each 25 mL) connected in series to an MEC (72 mL) produced a maximum of 0.43 V using fermentation effluent as a feed, achieving a hydrogen production r...

S tarting in June 2000, California’s wholesale electricity prices increased to unprecedented levels. The June 2000 average of $143 per megawatt-hour (MWh) was more than twice as high as in any previous month since the market opened in April 1998. These high prices produced enormous proŽ ts for generating companies and Žnancial crises for the regulated utilities that were required to buy power i...

The increasing complexity of the conventional grid due to population growth, advancement in technology, and infrastructures are the factors that contribute immensely to instability, insecurity, and inefficiency of the use of electrical energy. To overcome the problems, the environmental energy sustainability calls for the use of renewable energy for sustainability of power supply. Intermittency...

We investigate the fully developed flow between two parallel plates and the film flow over a plate in an electrically conducting fluid under the action of a parallel Lorentz force. The Lorentz force varies exponentially in the vertical direction due to low-fluid electrical conductivity and the special arrangement of the magnetic and electric fields at the lower plate. Exact analytical solutions...