the study aims to review library administrators, role in strategic planning to improve staffs, practice in sari universities. it is a descriptive-survey study. the statistical population includes 41 library administrators and staff in sari province but 35 subjects responded to the questionnaire used to gather the data. the data indicate that there is a significant relationship between administr...

1. THE PROBLEM. Something is rotten in the electoral state of the United States. Mathematics is involved. Advances in computer technology—hardware and software— have permitted a great leap “forward” in the fine art of political gerrymandering—“the practice of dividing a geographical area into electoral districts, often of highly irregular shape, to give one political party an unfair advantage b...

This paper challenges the dominant paradigm of turnout studies by proposing that turnout variations occur because elections differ, not because countries differ; and certainly not because people differ. Indeed, we take the radical position that what matters if we want to understand overtime and cross-national turnout variations is differences in the ways in which citizens are affected by the el...

marked the first time that even remotely open and democratic elections had taken place in Russia since the birth of the Soviet Union in 1917. The 1989 elections can be viewed as the progenitor of the current political situation in Russia for it was those first elections that launched the long and rocky devolution of the centralized, one-party Soviet state into the multiparty Russian system that...

Polls for majoritarian voting systems usually show estimates of the percentage of votes for each candidate. However, proportional vote systems do not necessarily guarantee the candidate with the most percentage of votes will be elected. Thus, traditional methods used in majoritarian elections cannot be applied on proportional elections. In this context, the purpose of this paper was to perform ...