The reconstruction and timing of the early stages of social evolution, such as parental care, in the fossil record is a challenge, as these behaviors often do not leave concrete traces. One of the intensely investigated examples of modern parental care are the modern burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus), a lineage that includes notable endangered species. Here we report diverse transitional...

Calcareous nannofossil assemblages recovered from a long, continuous section have been described from the Sarayan region in Lut Block in east Iran. The marine Upper Cretaceous sediments of this section yield medium diverse and well-preserved calcareous nannofossil assemblages. A structural analysis of Upper Cretaceous calcareous nannofloras has revealed 30 nannofossil species. A revised zonatio...

One of the greatest challenges for the production of petroleum in deepwater is flow assurance. In fact, knowledge about the transient cool down behavior of the produced fluid is necessary to prevent the formation of hydrates and solid deposits during shutdown periods, which could result in a pipeline blockage and could result in large financial losses. In a typical subsea petroleum production s...

The Cretaceous shale intervals of Talhar and Sembar Formations – distributed in the Lower Indus Basin Pakistan are organic-rich shales that can act as gas plays. Two-dimensional seismic using synthetic modeling has been carried out Khewari oil field to identify petroleum This work was completed with help eight processed migrated lines. Based on structural interpretation different geological str...

The first flowering plant fossils occur as rare, undiverse pollen grains in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Hauterivian). Angiosperms diversified slowly during the Barremian-Aptian but rapidly during the Albian-Cenomanian. By the end of the Cretaceous, at least half of the living angiosperm orders were present, and angiosperms were greater than 70% of terrestrial plant species globally. The r...

Paleontologists long have argued that the most important evolutionary radiation of mammals occurred during the early Cenozoic, if not that all eutherians originated from a single common post-Cretaceous ancestor. Nonetheless, several recent molecular analyses claim to show that because several interordinal splits occurred during the Cretaceous, a major therian radiation was then underway. This c...

The biodegradation of hydrocarbon pollutants in open systems is limited by the availability of a utilizable nitrogen source. This limitation can be overcome by using uric acid. Enrichment cultures grown on crude oil-uric acid media yielded mixed and pure cultures that degraded petroleum. In a simulated open system, uric acid bound to crude oil and was available for bacterial growth and petroleu...

today oil removal from contaminated soil by new methods such as bioremediation is necessary.  in this paper, the effect of chemical fertilizers and aeration on bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil has been investigated. also the control group, (bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil without treatment by chemical fertilizers and aeration treatment was examined. the cond...

The fossil record for neoceratopsian (horned) dinosaurs in the Lower Cretaceous of North America primarily comprises isolated teeth and postcrania of limited taxonomic resolution, hampering previous efforts to reconstruct the early evolution of this group in North America. An associated cranium and lower jaw from the Cloverly Formation (?middle-late Albian, between 104 and 109 million years old...

The flowering plants that dominate modern vegetation possess leaf gas exchange potentials that far exceed those of all other living or extinct plants. The great divide in maximal ability to exchange CO(2) for water between leaves of nonangiosperms and angiosperms forms the mechanistic foundation for speculation about how angiosperms drove sweeping ecological and biogeochemical change during the...