In many living trees, much of the interior of the trunk can be rotten or even hollowed out. Previously, this has been suggested to be adaptive, with microbial or animal consumption of interior wood producing a rain of nutrients to the soil beneath the tree that allows recycling of those nutrients into new growth via the trees roots. Here I propose an alternative (non-exclusive) explanation: suc...

In this paper, we present the description of a simplified model of the dynamic of a mono-specific even-aged forest. The model studied is a tree-growth model based on a system of two ordinary differential equations concerning the tree basal area and the number of trees. The analytical study of this model permits us to predict the behavior of the system solutions. We are trying to highlight the i...

Vehicle routing problems are well-known combinational optimization problems with considerable economic significance. Considering the vehicle routing problem with limited capacity on tree is a problem that often naturally arises in railway, river, and rural road networks. In this paper, we describe an artificial immune system that is distributed, robust, dynamic, diverse and adaptive. It capture...

Tree plantations play a controversial role in many nations' efforts to balance goals for economic development, ecological conservation, and social justice. This paper seeks to contribute to this debate by analyzing the socioeconomic impact of such plantations. We focus our study on Chile, a country that has experienced extraordinary growth of industrial tree plantations. Our analysis draws on a...

Tree cover in savanna ecosystems is usually regarded as unstable, varying with rainfall, fire, and herbivory. In sub-Saharan Africa, elephants (Loxodonta africana) suppress tree cover, thereby maintaining landscape heterogeneity by promoting tree-grass coexistence. In the absence of elephants, tree encroachment may convert savannas into closed-canopy woodlands; when elephants increase in abunda...

The coastal community in Paiton District, Probolinggo Regency faces a development dilemma, even though the area has great natural resource potential, especially potential for coastal, fisheries and marine resources. This not been exploited optimally sustainably. Meanwhile, people, those living areas, District are still high unemployment rates. application of Training Rural Economic Empowerment ...