According to social exclusion theory, health risks are positively associated with involuntary social, economic, political and cultural exclusion from society. In this paper, a social exclusion framework has been used, and available literature on microcredit in Bangladesh has been reviewed to explore the available evidence on associations among microcredit, exclusion, and health outcomes. The pa...

Social exclusion and unequal development assuming an intimate relation between the social form of relations and the corresponding character of economic development is not only significant from the point of view of the constitutionally recognized excluded categories and classes of people but also has in its scope the cause of other disadvantaged segments of population. It implies that the proces...

2. By way of background, the term social exclusion, while somewhat vague in definition, is multidimensional in concept having economic, social, political, and cultural connotations. A key characteristic is the shift from individual responsibility to society and its institutions. Importantly for the development of public policy, social exclusion represents a process rather than a state such as p...

PURPOSE This study aimed to compare health-care utilization and costs in patients treated with long-acting (LA) vs. short-acting (SA) antiepileptic drug (AED) monotherapy. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of claims from the OptumInsight™ database. Our analysis was restricted to adults diagnosed with epilepsy and who used AED monotherapy. Patients were excluded if they used >1 type...

Traditional economic models presume that individuals do not take an interest in the interests of those with whom they interact. More particularly, the assumption of non-tuism implies that the utility function of each individual, as a measure of her preferences, is strictly independent of the utility functions of those with whom she interacts. Philip Wicksteed introduced the concept of non-tuism...

a number of countries, including Australia, over the past decade. The adoption of a framework that focuses explicitly on inflation reflects the growing realization that the major contribution that monetary policy can make to economic growth and welfare in the long run is the maintenance of a low and stable inflation rate. Empirical evidence confirms the detrimental effects of higher inflation o...

BACKGROUND Relationships between income inequality and various health indicators have been the subject of much study and some controversy. We investigated associations between child mortality and income inequality amongst the wealthier OECD countries as well as changes in their relative child mortality rankings over time. METHODS Data were drawn from the 2003-2006 'State of the World's Childr...

This chapter focuses on costing methods usually applied in cost analysis and health-related economic evaluations. The quality of an economic evaluation depends on the quality and precision of data collection and on transparency and comprehensivenness of costing resources. Costs, from an economic perspective, are related to opportunity costs; this economic conceptualization is different from a f...

to test the effect of culling herd life from the breeding goal function, 4 different selection indices were established as: index 1: using milk production (milk), fat percentage of milk (fat%) and rear udder height (ruh); index 2: using milk , fat% and fore teat placement (ftp), index 3: using milk, fat% and fore udder attachment (fua); and index 4: using milk, fat%, ruh, ftp and fua) under two...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. The study examines the effect of health care reform in Bulgar...