identification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated with their risk aversion degree is one of the necessary requirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in iran. so, this study was investigated three risk vulnerability parameters (economic, social and technical) among wheat farmers categorized in accordance with their risk aversion degree in the mashhad county (iran) b...

Policy reform can remove obstacles to intergenerational social mobility and thereby promote equality of opportunities across individuals. Such reform will also enhance economic growth by allocating human resources to their best use. This chapter assesses recent crosscountry patterns in intergenerational social mobility and examines the role that public policies play in affecting mobility. Inter...

granted that literacy is a social practice involving different values, attitudes, feelings, and social relationships, this study attempts to examine literacy practices and the potential changes made through a history of forty years. the study was conducted in the village of cheshmeh, near mashhad, iran, where the social definition of literacy emerged. the data have been collected through partic...

millions of people in underdeveloped countries, have assumed poverty as a principal of life in globalization age. in comparison with advanced countries, asian, african and latin american countries are characterized as poor societies. lack of equally access to economic and social opportunities, low level of life, economic stagnation, political instability, and such factors are taken into account...