The papar names in the Western Isles are restricted to the north Hebrides. The reasons for this distinction between north and south Hebrides have already been speculated on above (3.2. Situation in the Hebrides; also in Crawford, 2005, 94). Is it a reflection of the different toponymic (place-name) pattern in the two areas? Or has it something to do with the pre-Norse political /ecclesiastical ...

An unstudied manuscript in Princeton contains lectures delivered by the youthful Jacques Sirmond at the Jesuit college of Pont-a-Mousson. In contrast to the received picture of Jesuit pedagogues as devoted rhetoricians, Sirmond explained Aeneid books 3 and 12 in a self-consciously historical way, concentrating especially on Roman law and religion and their interaction. His concerns are discusse...

By using published and unpublished sources from various archival series kept in the Rovinj Heritage Museum, Chapter Archives of Rovinj and the Diocesan Archives of Porec the authors shed new light and present the health and social care system in the city of Rovinj covering the period which goes from the mid 15th to the mid 19th century. Altruistic mentality of individual citizens, lay and eccle...

The 1998 Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Communion brought into striking relief the two major issues dividing this particular global church: homosexuality and the ordination of women. Debates over these questions tend to split the church into its "conservative" southern dioceses and more "liberal" northern dioceses. With bishops from Africa and Southeast Asia now outnumbering their British a...

During the middle ages, itinerant merchants traveling across Europe to trade at fairs, markets, and sea ports needed common ground rules to create trust and confidence for robust international trade. The differences among local, feudal, royal, and ecclesiastical law provided a significant degree of uncertainty and difficulty for merchants. Custom and practices evolved into a distinct body of la...

This text focuses on the ecclesiastical tax transfers in favour of Portuguese Crown late medieval period, through an analysis typology taxes, chronology its granting and justifications presented for perception. While given by monarchy remain framed legitimacy conferred canon law, clerics’ resistance to payment reveal argument based reality good will satisfy fiscal needs monarchs.

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In [CS-92] we studied the agreement of operators Plogi and ACi−1 acting on NP . In this article we extend this work to other classes of the polynomial time hierarchy. We show that on Σk , Π P k , ∆ P k and Θ P k -classes both operators have the same behaviour, but this coincidence does not seem to be true on other classes included in the PH hierarchy: we give a set A such that, relativized to A...