Three hundred and five coal samples were taken from the main coal mines of twenty-six provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of China. The method of pyrohydrolysis was applied to measure the fluorine content in the samples, which exhibit logarithmic normal frequency distributions. The range of fluorine content in dry coal varies from 25 to 1230 mg/ kg with a geometric mean of 136 mg/...

T he charcoal production process has been known since the Bronze Age, and was vital to metallurgy until the discovery of the conversion of coal to coke at the beginning of the 18th century. Brazil, now the largest charcoal producer of the world, with more than 12 million metric tons in year 2002, has preserved its charcoal based industries in large part because it has extensive iron deposits an...

The collapse of abandoned room-and-pillar mines is often violent and unpredictable. Safety concerns often resulted in mine closures with no post-mining stability evaluations. As a result, large amounts of land resources over room-and-pillar mines are wasted. This paper attempts to establish an understanding of the long-term stability issues of goafs (abandoned mines). Considering progressive pi...

Coal dust explosions in underground coal mines are pre­ vented by a generous application of rock dust (usually lime­ stone). If an explosion should occur, the rock dust disperses, mixes with the coal dust and prevents fl ame propagation by acting as a thermal inhibitor or heat sink. To investigate this process in more detail, a number of ex­ plosion experiments using various coal dust and limes...

As a tool for exploration of concealed coal seams by modern techniques, determination of the depth of erosion of coal seams with reference to the surface of angular unconformity underlying the remnants of a key bed is conducted for the first time in coal mines of Kerman region. The angular unconformity surface (the initial surface exposure of coal seams) separates the coal seams of Jurassic age...

The state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) is vital to the success of Germany’s energy transition, as it is the traditional center of Germany’s manufacturing and energy-intensive industries, such as metal production, basic chemicals, non-ferrous metals and paper. NRW’s long history and high concentration of energy-intensive industry operations is mainly due to the proximity of black coal and lig...

Geographic pattern of lung cancer mortality in Fukuoka Prefecture showed elevated mortalities among males in the Chikuho district where many coal-mines had long been operated as one of the biggest coal-mining areas in Japan. The analysis in relations of occupations to lung cancer mortality revealed that consistently significant correlations exist between lung cancer mortality, and mining and qu...

Extensive surveys carried out in Europe and America have shown the incidence of coalworkers' pneumoconiosis to be widespread (Flinn, Seifert, Brinton, Jones, and Franks, 1941; Fletcher, 1955). In India, however, the prevalence of this disease has never been investigated, and a report published by the government of India in 1946 (Deshpande, 1946) stated that there was no conclusive evidence that...

Since 1929, when compensation for silicosis first became payable to men in the coal mining industry, the number of disablement cases has increased rapidly, and there has been greater mortality from respiratory disease among coal miners in South Wales than elsewhere in Great Britain. In 1936 the Medical Research Council were asked by the Home Office and the Mines department to investigate the pr...