The supporting pressure is achieved through control of the incoming and outgoing materials in the head chamber in shield tunneling, i.e., through regulation of the screw conveyor rotation, thrust force of jacks and the excavation advance rate. The discrete state equation of controlling system is derived based on mechanical equilibrium principle. The objective function of model reference control...

Degradation of energy to lower temperatures and the associated production of entropy is a general direction for Earth system processes, ranging from the planetary energy balance, to the global hydrological cycle and the cycling of carbon by Earth’s biosphere. This chapter introduces the application of nonequilibrium thermodynamics to the planetary energy balance of Earth and its neighboring pla...

inclined retaining walls with slopes less than perpendicular are appropriate candidates in several engineering problems. yet, to the knowledge of authors, only a few analytical solution for calculation of active earth pressure on such walls, which will be usually smaller than the same pressure on vertical ones, has been presented neither in research papers nor in design codes. considering limit...

Starting from the well-known quantum Miura-like transformation for the non simply-laced Lie algebras B N , we give an explicit construction of the Casimir W B 3 algebras. We reserve the notation WB N for the Casimir W algebras of type W 1 2) which contains one fermionic field. It is seen that W B 3 algebra is closed and associative for all values of the central charge c.