Clustered, Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and their associated Cas proteins (CRISPR-Cas) provide prokaryotes with a mechanism for defense against mobile genetic elements (MGEs). A CRISPR locus is a molecular memory of MGE encounters. It contains an array of short sequences, called spacers, that generally have sequence identity to MGEs. Three different CRISPR loci have been iden...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (SH) and calcium hypochlorite (CH) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis and also to compare their cytocompatibility on L929 murine fibroblasts using Mossman's tetrazolium toxicity (MTT) assay. METHODS AND MATERIAL...

Estrogens regulate numerous pathophysiological processes, mainly by binding to and activating estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ. Increasing amounts of evidence have recently demonstrated that Gprotein coupled receptor 30 (GPR30; also known as GPER) is also involved in diverse biological responses to estrogens both in normal and cancer cells. The classical ER and GPER share several features, inclu...

Enterococci are important because of their role as the leading cause of nosocomial infections which have a significant role in the dissemination and persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Methods: In this study, we determined the distribution of enterococcal species in the sewage treatment plants in Iran. Furthermore, we improved a rapid and specific PCR method using primers (sodA and ...

Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that are found in plants, soil and as commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, mammals, and insects. Despite their commensal nature, they have also become globally important nosocomial pathogens. Within the genus Enterococcus, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis are clinically most relevant. In this review, we will discuss how E. fae...

Sir, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci constitute an increasing clinical problem in the USA, and clonal dissemination of vancomycin-resistant isolates among hospitals, especially Enterococcus faecium, has been described. In Europe, detection of vanA enterococci in the clinical setting is less frequently reported and few reports exist of clonal dissemination of resistant isolates among different ...

Aim: the aim of the present ExVivo study was to check the antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles with and without different antimicrobials against E. faecalis. Material and Methods: 126 recently extracted single rooted human teeth were contaminated with E. faecalis. The teeth were randomly divided into 5 experimental (n=21) and 1 control group (n=21). Each subgroup was then exposed to d...

The E test and the reference agar dilution methods were compared for detecting high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) among 71 selected clinical isolates, including 62 Enterococcus faecalis and 9 Enterococcus faecium isolates. High-level gentamicin resistance alone was found in 11% (5 E. faecalis and 3 E. faecium strains) and high-level streptomycin resistance was found in 42% (28 E. faeca...