Infection and lysogenic conversion with Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages (Stx phages) drive the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. Phage attachment to the bacterial surface is the first stage of phage infection. Envelope perturbation causes activation of envelope stress responses in bacterial cells. Although many external factors are known to activate envelope s...

Lipases are enzymes of immense industrial relevance, and, therefore, are being intensely investigated. In an attempt to characterize lipases at molecular level from novel sources, a lipase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PS35 was cloned, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α cells and sequenced. It showed up to 98% homology with other lipase sequences in the NCBI database. The ...

background genetic manipulation of chloroplast in higher plants offers a number of unique prerogatives, including; undesirable of pleiotropic genome and gene silencing effects and also use as an important agronomic trait for producing essential biomaterials and industrial enzymes. in order to manipulate chloroplast genome, specific vectors are required. these vectors can be transformed and expr...

Colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is an economic threat to the poultry industry throughout the world. Some of the virulence genes may enhance the ability of E. coli isolates to grow in the tissues of broilers. The APEC strains are assigned to a few distinct phylogenetic groups. The purpose of the present study was to detect the virulence genes a...