Methods to assess household excreta disposal practices are critical for informing public health outcomes of efforts to improve sanitation in developing countries. We present a new metric, the Safe San Index (SSI), to quantify the hygienic safety of a household's defecation and human feces disposal practices in India, where behavioral outcomes from on-going public expenditures to construct house...

BACKGROUND In most developing countries, open defecation is the 'way of life'. This practice is considered as the most serious health and environmental hazard. Prime Minister of India launched the "Swachh Bharat Mission" to accelerate the efforts for achieving universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on sanitation. OBJECTIVE To find the knowledge, attitude and practices of sanitary latr...

BACKGROUND Globally, one in ten individuals practice open defecation. Despite media speculation that it increases women's risk of sexual violence, little empirical evidence supports the claims. We investigate the relationship between household sanitation facilities and women's risk of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) in India, where nearly half of the population lives without a pit or toilet....

conclusions higher ods score in females who had c/s showed that c/s could not protect the pelvic organ from pregnancy and delivery trauma. it seems that episiotomy has a protective effect during vd; it can reduce the severity of trauma in pelvic organs during childbearing. results in 30 consecutive females undergoing starr for the treatment of ods, who enrolled in this prospective study, 19 (63...

Moderate rectal distension elicits recto-rectal reflex contractions and simultaneous recto-internal anal sphincter reflex relaxations that together comprise the defecation reflex. Both reflexes are controlled by 1) pelvic nerves, 2) lumbar colonic nerves, and 3) enteric nervous system. The aim of the present study was to explore a novel approach to repairing the defecation reflex dysfunction by...

OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of stimulation of the sacral anterior roots on anorectal and low colonic pressures and to programme implanted stimulators to produce defecation. DESIGN Prospective study of 12 consecutive patients. SETTING Spinal injuries unit and university gastrointestinal physiology department. PATIENTS 12 Patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions. Their inj...

patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (srus) come to a physician with passage of mucus and bloody liquid within defecation. the treatment for srus is depended to the severity of symptoms and the existance of rectal prolapse. this study is a report of the assessing of rectopexy as surgical modalities for 62 medical treatment resistant srus patients who were referred to the gastrointestina...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12®, on two primary end points - defecation frequency and gastrointestinal (GI) well-being - in healthy adults with low defecation frequency and abdominal discomfort. A total of 1248 subjects were included in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. After a 2-week run-in period,...

BACKGROUND Constipation is a significant problem in the elderly, specifically nursing home and/or extended-care facility residents are reported to suffer from constipation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are beneficial probiotic organisms that contribute to improved nutrition, microbial balance, and immuno-enhancement of the intestinal tract, as well as diarrhea and constipation effect. The objecti...

Poor sanitation remains a major public health concern linked to several important health outcomes; emerging evidence indicates a link to childhood stunting. In India over half of the population defecates in the open; the prevalence of stunting remains very high. Recently published data on levels of stunting in 112 districts of India provide an opportunity to explore the relationship between lev...