phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

abstract pragmatics is the study of communicative action in its sociocultural context. communicative action includes not only using speech acts (such as apologizing, complaining, complimenting, and requesting), but also engaging in different types of discourse and participating in speech events of varying length and complexity. the present study aimed to investigate the assessment of pragm...

a professional is someone whose work involves performing a certain function with some degree of expertise. but a narrower definition limits the term to apply to people such as teachers and doctors, whose expertise involves not only skill and knowledge but also the exercise of highly sophisticated judgment, and whose accreditation necessitates extensive study, often university-based as well as p...

this thesis aims to adduce an unmitigated and comprehensive explication concerning the relationship of three significant elements of fiction: setting, chracter and theme. my research is basically placed on two outstanding novels of the 19th century: emily brontes wuthering heights and thomas hardys return of the native. my endeavour lies in studying the correlation among the three above-mention...

الملخّص الحنین إلی الوطن، کان من الموضوعات الأساسیّه منذ أزمنه قدیمه فی الأدب العربی. فی العصور الماضیه کان یبین الشعراء تذکاراتهم الجیّده، و الحنین إلی الحبیبه ، و القبیله، و الأطلال و الدمن بتحسّر فی أشعارهم. توجد نماذج منها فی أشعار إمرء القیس و عنتره و... . راج هذا النوع من الحنین فی أشعار الشعراء فی العصر الأموی و العباسی کثیراً بسبب الفتوحات و الهجره. نحن شاهدنا آثاراَ کثیره کـ«الحنین إلی الأو...

ii abstract the legend of human being’s refulgence was distorted completely in the age of modernity. this new age, had some drastic negative effects, besides its positive qualities. one significant negative effect of it was the emergence of neurosis in human beings. aldous huxley’s brave new world was one of the novels of the 02 th century that contained the prophecy of criticizing ...

this study is an outlook of iranians religious practices and customs in eras such as nasser one. it attempts to answer the main question, "religious practices and ceremonies in the society during naseri ruling" and other subsidiary questions with scientific and historical theories. iran was a traditional and religious community . people abided by their religious practices and duties within reli...

1- in a search directed to the reaction of compound)23(the cycloaddition reaction of 1,3- diphenylisobenzofurane)14(with p-benzoquinone)19(,followed by addition of cyclopentadiene was carried out.the specific spacial stracture of its ir,nmr,mass spectra. 2- in another attempt the kinetic stability and behavior of compounds)20(and)23(was studied.the main subject of this study was the highly reve...