BACKGROUND With the introduction of robotic surgery, whether the robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) could reduce the perioperative morbidity compared with Open radical cystectomy (ORC) was unknown. METHODS Studies reported RARC were reviewed based on all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which focused on the efficacy of RARC versus ORC. RESULTS Of the 201 studies from preliminary s...

We are pleased to welcome you to Washington, D.C., and to announce the technical program of the Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time distributed Computing (ISORC 2002). Because of the continuously increasing demands from a variety of computer-based applications, the interest in object-oriented real-time distributed computing (ORC) technology is growing rapidly all ove...

The Open Research Compiler (ORC), jointly developed by Intel Microprocessor Technology Labs and the Institute of Computing Technology at Chinese Academy of Sciences, has become the leading open source compiler on the Itanium Processor Family (IPF, previously known as IA-64). Since its first release in 2002, it has been widely used in academia and industry worldwide as a compiler and architectur...

The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into nucleosomes is a critical regulator of nuclear events. To address the interplay between chromatin and replication initiation, we have assessed the determinants and function of the nucleosomal configuration of S. cerevisiae replication origins. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we demonstrate that the yeast initiator, the origin recognition complex (ORC), is...

In a Xenopus egg replication system, the origin recognition complex (ORC) does not bind to CpG methylated DNA and DNA replication is inhibited. Insertion of low density CpG DNA of at least 1.2 kb into methylated plasmids rescues both replication and ORC binding. Using this pseudo-origin, we find that ORC binding is restricted to low-CpG-density DNA; however, MCM is loaded onto both weakly and h...

Before initiation of DNA replication, origin recognition complex (ORC) proteins, cdc6, and minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins bind to chromatin sequentially and form preinitiation complexes. Using Xenopus laevis egg extracts, we find that after the formation of these complexes and before initiation of DNA replication, cdc6 is rapidly removed from chromatin, possibly degraded by a cdk2-ac...

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae origin recognition complex (ORC) is composed of six subunits and is an essential component in the assembly of the replication apparatus. To probe the organization of this multiprotein complex by electron microscopy, each subunit was tagged on either its C or N terminus with biotin and assembled into a complex with the five other unmodified subunits. A nanoscale biop...

The origin recognition complex (ORC) binds replicators in the yeast S. cerevisiae in a manner consistent with it being an initiator protein for DNA replication. Two-dimensional (2D) gel techniques were used to examine directly initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in temperature-sensitive orc mutants. Unlike in wild-type cells, in orc2-1 and orc5-1 mutant cells, only a subset of replicators...

Low temperature geothermal systems are an abundant energy resource in New Zealand with over 260 sites with a resource temperature of 150°C and lower. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is the standard process for low temperature energy conversion with commercial ORCs utilizing temperatures as low as 90°C, with one site at Chena, Alaska (discussed below) utilizing temperatures as low as 74°C. The a...

The hetero-hexameric origin recognition complex (ORC) is well known for its separable roles in DNA replication and heterochromatin assembly. However, ORC and its individual subunits have been implicated in diverse cellular activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Some of ORC's implied functions, such as cell cycle checkpoint control and mitotic chromosome assembly, may be indirectly re...