In the 10 years since licensure of neuraminidase inhibitor drugs, their use has steadily increased, especially during the pandemic of 2009. Experience now indicates that factors which influence the emergence of high level resistance include the nature of drug binding to target, viral subtype, the use of post exposure prophylaxis and a lack of immunity in the host as seen in children and immunoc...

Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive drug and is found in many popular soft drinks and coffee-based beverages. Caffeine is consumed for its mild stimulant properties, and like other stimulant drugs, produces tolerance with continued use and withdrawal symptoms with deprivation. Animal models allow us to investigate neurological effects and the behavioral changes associated with expos...

Introduction According to the Consensus Guideline, “therapeutic reference range” (TRR) defines ranges of drug blood concentrations that specify a lower limit below which drug-induced therapeutic response is unlikely occur and an upper above tolerability decreases or improvement ceases. The TRR can be obtained from concentration measurements (trough (pre-dose) plasma under steady-state condition...

Introduction: Toxic effects of pesticides are commonly associated with reactive oxygen species damage and pentoxifylline a phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a drug well known for antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oxidative damages following a subacute exposure to malathion, an organophosphorus insecticide and pentoxifylline's ability to counteract these effect...

Knowledge of drug interactions among antiretroviral agents and other drugs used by HIV-infected patients is essential to maintaining safety and efficacy of drug treatment. Often, the clinical impact of drug-drug interactions cannot be predicted on the basis of pharmacokinetic interactions alone, highlighting the need for studies and analyses that provide exposure-response data. Drug interaction...

There are only few studies that examine the effect of prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure on the sensitivity to the same drug and the drug-seeking behavior in adulthood. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of prenatal MA exposure on exploratory behavior and nociception with respect to challenge dose of the same drug. Mothers of the tested offspring received a daily injecti...

Prenatal exposure to recreational drugs impairs motor and cognitive development; however it is currently unknown whether visual brain areas are affected. To address this question, we investigated the effect of prenatal drug exposure on global motion perception, a behavioural measure of processing within the dorsal extrastriate visual cortex that is thought to be particularly vulnerable to abnor...

BACKGROUND This paper provides an introduction for environmental health scientists to emerging population-based rodent resources. Mouse reference populations provide an opportunity to model environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions in human disease and to inform human health risk assessment. OBJECTIVES This review will describe several mouse populations for toxicity assessment...

In a nonrandomized study of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), a cross-sectional evaluation of subjects who were the source of human immunodeficiency (HIV) exposure was performed to characterize partners of index subjects seeking nonoccupational PEP against HIV. Among 401 index subjects, 64 (16%) recruited a source subject. Those in a steady relationship and those who knew that the...

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) has become the cornerstone in the treatment of lupus nephritis. However, response rates are still far from ideal in clinical trials. Uncertainty exists regarding the correct dosing of MPA, and the recommended doses vary between recently published guidelines. Side effects are an additional problem resulting in frequent dose reduction and possible suboptimal exposure.In th...