State Medicaid agencies are required to assist low-income Medicare beneficiaries to pay Medicare cost sharing, defined as premiums, deductibles, and coinsurance, as follows: all cost sharing for those below the Federal poverty level (FPL) and otherwise qualifying; Part B premiums for persons with incomes 100-120 percent of FPL; all or a portion Part B premiums for persons 120-175 percent of FPL...

OBJECTIVE To describe different approaches to promote adverse drug reaction reporting among health care professionals, determining their cost-effectiveness. METHODS We analyzed and compared several approaches taken by the Northern Pharmacovigilance Centre (Portugal) to promote adverse drug reaction reporting. Approaches were compared regarding the number and relevance of adverse drug reaction...

Asthma represents a growing public health problem and the cost of asthma has been rising in many countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect cost of asthma among adult patients in Italy, and to assess the relationship between healthcare resource use and asthma severity according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) classification system. A multicentre cross-se...

The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body that is responsible for more than 500 vital functions, including biosynthesis of major plasma proteins, immunity against infectious pathogens, balancing energy metabolism and xenobiotics biotransformation (1). One of the main functions of the liver is an important role in drug metabolism (2). Since developing new drug compounds into mark...

OBJECTIVE To compare the intensive care unit costs and determine factors influencing these costs in mechanically ventilated patients randomized to dexmedetomidine or midazolam by continuous infusion. DESIGN Cost minimization analysis of a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial randomizing patients 2:1 to receive dexmedetomidine or midazolam from the institutional perspective. SETTING Sixt...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of clinical trial participation on drug utilization, drug costs, and out-of-pocket expenditures for cancer patients. METHODS The study used a national probability sample of patients participating in cancer clinical trials and a matched cohort of patients not enrolled in trials but receiving treatment for the same cancers from the same providers. Subjects were ...

background: drug use evaluation (due) aims at improving the patients’ care. studying the administration pattern of intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) is an important research topic due to its significant role in the treatment and controlling of many disorders, high prices, and limited availability of this drug. methods: this observational cross-sectional study was conducted at shahid sadoughi ho...

PURPOSE This study describes the treatment in ordinary clinical practice in Spain of patients with glaucoma with a two-drug combination therapy. The authors present the treatment outcome as endof-period intraocular pressure (IOP) and the calculated direct medical costs over a 2-year period. METHODS Data were extracted retrospectively from patient charts recording the use of all medical resour...