objectives: down syndrome (ds) is the most common multiple congenital anomaly syndrome associated with a developmental disability. children with down syndrome have delay in both motor and mental age. this study carried out to explore relationship between mental and motor age of children with ds. methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 participants with ds (5 to 7 years old) using r...

introduction: mental retardation, is one of the most common causes for referral to genetic counseling centers, and is one of the greatest challenges in health care services in the world. down syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormalities in humans. methods: this study performed in medical genetic counseling center of welfare organization in south of iran with high consanguineous marriag...

Visual stimuli quickly activate a broad network of brain areas that often show reciprocal structural connections between them. Activity at short latencies (<100 ms) is thought to represent a feed-forward activation of widespread cortical areas, but fast activation combined with reciprocal connectivity between areas in principle allows for two-way, recurrent interactions to occur at short latenc...

Attentional mechanisms are a crucial prerequisite to organize behavior. Most situations may be characterized by a 'competition' between salient, but irrelevant stimuli and less salient, relevant stimuli. In such situations top-down and bottom-up mechanisms interact with each other. In the present fMRI study, we examined how interindividual differences in resolving situations of perceptual confl...

Speech comprehension includes both bottom-up and top-down processes, and imaging studies have isolated a frontal-temporal network of brain areas active during speech perception. However, the precise role of the various areas in this network during normal speech comprehension is not yet fully understood. In the present fMRI study, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spoken sentences was varied in...

A fundamental concept in visual processing is that activity in high-order object-category distinctive regions (e.g., lateral occipital complex, fusiform face area, middle temporal+) is dependent on bottom-up flow of activity in earlier retinotopic areas (V2, V3, V4) whose main input originates from primary visual cortex (V1). Thus, activity in down stream areas should reflect lower-level inputs...

This communication demonstrates an approach to generate simple nanostructures with critical dimensions down to 30 nm over cm2-sized areas using composite PDMS masks. These masks were patterned with feature sizes down to 100 nm. When used in phase-shifting lithography, these masks generated arrays of structures in photoresist with line widths as small as 30 nm, slots in metal with features down ...

This paper reports the use of two forms of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) with young children with Down syndrome: a program using signing (Makaton), and the COMPIC system of computerised pictographs. Children with Down syndrome are frequently reported to have difficulties in the area of language and communication, with relative strengths in visual and perceptual areas. This su...