Abstract New data on Dutch and British GDP/capita show that at no time prior to 1750, perhaps not before 1800, did the leading countries of northwestern Europe enjoy sustained strong growth in GDP/capita. Such income per head as occur was highly episodic, concentrated a few decades then followed by long periods stagnation head. Moreover, 1800 economies reach levels capita much different from pe...

We discuss Chernoo-type large deviation results for the total variation , the I-divergence errors, and the 2-divergence errors on partitions. In contrast to the total variation and the I-divergence, the 2-divergence has an unconventional large deviation rate. Applications to Bahadur eeciencies of goodness-of-t tests based on these divergence measures for multivariate observations are given.

Many interesting divergence measures between conjugate ensembles of nonequilibrium trajectories can be experimentally determined from the work distribution of the process. Herein, we review the statistical and physical significance of several of these measures, in particular the relative entropy (dissipation), Jeffreys divergence (hysteresis), Jensen–Shannon divergence (timeasymmetry), Chernoff...