a field experiment was conducted to study the spatial relationships between weed seed bank and population and their distribution models in sugar beet crop (beta vulgaris) in 2009 at motahari  agricultural research station of karaj. sampling from seed bank before sugar beet drilling and weed population in three stages during the growing season were done using square (50*50 cm) and rectangle (25*...

The real options technique has emerged as an evaluation tool for investment under uncertainty. It explicitly recognizes future decisions, and the exercise strategy is based on the optimal decisions in future periods. This paper employs the optimal stopping policy derived from real options approach to analyze and evaluate genetic algorithms, specifically for the new branches namely Estimation of...

It is widely known that shifts of cohort fertility schedule can produce misleading trends in period TFR. This note shows that such a “tempo bias” can occur in age-specific mortality as well: if the age distribution of cohort deaths shifts toward older (younger) ages, the period age-specific death rate is biased downward (upward). 1 Laboratory of Populations, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Av...

The Estimation of Distribution Algorithms are a class of evolutionary algorithms which adopt probabilistic models to reproduce the genetic information of the next generation, instead of conventional crossover and mutation operations. In this paper, we propose new EDAs which incorporate mutation operator to conventional EDAs in order to keep the diversities in EDA populations. Experiments result...

urban green spaces and parks are important land use of cities which promote quality of life by providing facilities for leisure and also play a crucial role in social cohesion and participation due to their socio-economic and environmental functions. hence the distribution of such spaces is very important in cities. however the zone of 3 in tehran has a relative appropriate green space per capi...

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an economically important pest of ornamental plant in Iran. The population abundance and spatial distribution were studied on five Rosa cultivars including Maroussia, Wendela, Elderado, Wenedetta, and Hot Lady during two growing seasons of 2011 and 2012 in greenhouse. The k parameter, index of dispersion, Lloyd’s m...

Iran is located in an area with high earthquake risk. There are over 20 active faults with length of 500 km and also densely populated parts of the country have been rendered vulnerable to strong earthquakes. However, existence of eight faults of the main faults of Iran along with at least 18 faults with length of more than 100 km in Kerman province have turned the place into one of the riskies...

Most of the research on Phragmites australis is restricted to sites on the European continent even though P. australis occurs abundantly in many regions in the Asian and other continents under different climatic and habitat conditions. The populations used in this study were collected from different parts of Iran. All these populations were grown in the same conditions in experimental field, lo...