BACKGROUND The primary aim of the disease management program (DMP) for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 is to improve the quality of health care and the treatment process. 12 years after its introduction in Germany, there is still no consensus as to whether DMP has been effective in reaching these goals. METHODS A retrospective longitudinal population-based study between 2004 and 2015 w...

price is one of the four elements of marketing mix. one of the important decisions any business faces is select pricing strategies that can be effective in achieving company goals. pricing methods are generally divided into cost-based and value-based methods. considering that the marginal cost of information goods is zero, the pricing methods of these goods is value-based. in this study, mtn ir...

General Equilibrium asset pricing models have a difficult time simultaneously delivering a sizable equity premium, a low and counter-cyclical real risk free rate, as well as cyclical variation in return volatility. To explain these stylized facts, this paper introduces occasionally binding financing constraints that impede producers’ ability to invest in an otherwise standard real business cycl...

We consider a two-period model with two sellers and one buyer in which the efficient outcome calls for the buyer to purchase one unit from each seller in each period. We show that when the buyer’s valuations between periods are linked by switching costs and at least one seller is financially constrained, there exist plausible conditions under which exclusion arises as the unique equilibrium out...

Di-methyl phthalate (DMP), a typical endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), is ubiquitously distributed in aquatic environments; yet studies regarding its impact on gametes and the resulting effects on embryogenesis in marine gastropods are relatively scarce. In this study, the influences of DMP on the gametes and subsequent developmental process of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, a re...

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as raw materials for industries that well known their environmental contamination and toxicological effects “endocrine disruptors”. The determining of PAE was based on analysis dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl (DEP), dipropyl (DPP), dibutyl (DBP), diisobutyl (DiBP), dicyclohexyl (DCHP) di(2-ethylhexyl) (DEHP) in wastewater sediment samples collected...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: C14 D24 O13 O44 Q53 Q56 Keywords: Shadow price Emissions trading Directional distance function Marginal abatement cost Coal power plant Shadow prices, also termed marginal abatement costs, provide valuable guidelines to support environmental regulatory policies for CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x , the key contributors to climate change. This paper complements the...

When designing choice experiments for nonmarket valuation the role of the price attribute is of major importance. In the energy sector the uncertainty of future direction of changes in prices makes it difficult to include an adequate price vector in the design. We separately investigate the implication of using price vectors with increases and decreases in tariffs from current levels, on margin...

Empirical studies show that there is stronger dependency between large losses than large profit in financial market, which undermine the performance of using symmetric distribution for modeling these asymmetric. That is why the assuming normal joint distribution of returns is not suitable because of considering the linier dependence, and can be lead to inappropriate estimate of VaR. Copula theo...