CONTEXT Trauma centers benefit thousands of injured individuals every day and play a critical role in responding to disasters. The last full accounting of the number and distribution of trauma centers identified 471 trauma centers in the United States in 1991. OBJECTIVE To determine the number and configuration of trauma centers and identify gaps in coverage. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS I...

This paper develops a supply chain network game theory framework with multiple manufacturers/producers, with multiple manufacturing plants, who own distribution centers and distribute their products, which are distinguished by brands, to demand markets, while maximizing profits and competing noncooperatively. The manufacturers also may avail themselves of external distribution centers for stori...

The distribution network design problem for an automobile company in China is investigated. Through optimizing the location of the distribution centers and allocation of retailers to distribution centers or plants, the total profit for the automobile company is maximized. The demand is assumed to be sensitive to the lead time and a Linear Integer Programming model is proposed to formulate the p...

To identify electrical vehicle (EV) distribution paths with high robustness, insensitivity to uncertainty factors, and detailed road-by-road schemes, optimization of the distribution path problem of EV with multiple distribution centers and considering the charging facilities is necessary. With the minimum transport time as the goal, a robust optimization model of EV distribution path with adju...

Nowadays, organizations have to compete with different competitors in regional, national and international levels, so they have to improve their competition capabilities to survive against competitors. Undertaking activities on a global scale requires a proper distribution system which could take advantages of different transportation modes. Accordingly, the present paper addresses a location-r...

We present here a comparative study on the decay of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence yield in thylakoid membranes and photosystem II (PSII)-enriched samples, measured with multifrequency cross-correlation phase fluorometry. These measurements confirm the general conclusions of Van Mieghem et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1100, 198-206, 1992), obtained with a flash method, on the effects of reduct...

This paper studies a location–routing–inventory problem in a multi-period closed-loop supply chain with multiple suppliers, producers, distribution centers, customers, collection centers, recovery, and recycling centers. In this supply chain, centers are multiple levels, a price increase factor is considered for operational costs at centers, inventory and shortage (including lost sales and back...

This paper presents a research study which aims at determining optimal locations of regional distribution centers in a collaborative distribution network. We consider a multi-layered distribution system between a cluster of suppliers from a given region and several thousands customers spread over the whole country. The optimization problem consists of finding the locations of intermediate logis...