Genetic data from autosomal loci in diploids generally consist of genotype data for which no phase information is available, making it difficult to implement a test of linkage disequilibrium. In this paper, we describe a test of linkage disequilibrium based on an empirical null distribution of the likelihood of a sample. Information on the genotypes of related individuals is explicitly used to ...

The electrometric [Delta]pH method and an in vitro radioisotopic HCO3- dehydration assay were used to demonstrate the presence of true extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the blood of the Pacific spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias. An extracorporeal circulation and stopflow technique were then used to characterise the acid­base disequilibrium in the arterial (postbranchial) blood...

A simple two-locus gene conversion model is considered to investigate the amounts of DNA variation and linkage disequilibrium in small multigene families. The exact solutions for the expectations and variances of the amounts of variation within and between two loci are obtained. It is shown that gene conversion increases the amount of variation within each locus and decreases the amount of vari...

order to understand the genetic architecture of Mendelian populations, we '2ave to know, in addition to gene frequencies, the degree of linkage disequilibrium between loci, namely, the extent to which combinations of genes at linked loci deviate from randomness. In panmictic populations, two factors are mainly responsible for the production of linkage disequilibrium. They are epistatic interact...

In vivo experiments were conducted on spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in sea water to determine the potential role of externally oriented or gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide excretion. This was accomplished by assessing pH changes in expired water using a stopped-flow apparatus. In dogfish, expired water was in acid-base disequil...

This study attempted to infer the population structure of Japanese Black cattle by using genotype data on 33,063 genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers totally 4,348 fattened steers slaughtered at carcass markets in Tokyo, Osaka, Hyogo, Tottori, and Hiroshima prefectures. We evaluated allele frequency, heterozygosity, linkage disequilibrium, correlation phase, concordance among...

CONCLUSION Saccular dysfunction is a major cause of balance problems in patients with otosclerosis. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in response to bone-conducted sound (BC-VEMP) testing is useful for diagnosis of these patients. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to elucidate the origin of balance problems in patients with otosclerosis using BC-VEMP. METHODS Subjects comprised 25...

Because defects in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH) cause phenylketonuria (PKU), PAH was studied for normal polymorphisms and linkage disequilibrium soon after the gene was cloned. Studies in the 1980s concentrated on European populations in which PKU was common and showed that haplotype-frequency variation exists between some regions of the world. In European populations, linkage diseq...