After midline crossing, axons of dorsolateral commissural neurons turn rostrally into the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord. In mouse, the graded distribution of Wnt4 attracts post-crossing axons rostrally. In contrast, in the chicken embryo, the graded distribution of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) guides post-crossing axons by a repulsive mechanism mediated by hedgehog-interacting protein. Based on ...

We previously reported that orexin neurons are directly hyperpolarized by noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine. In the present study, we show that NA, dopamine and adrenaline all directly hyperpolarized orexin neurons. This response was inhibited by the α2 adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) antagonist, idazoxan or BRL44408, and was mimicked by the α2-AR selective agonist, UK14304. A low concentration of Ba...

BACKGROUND Large disasters affect people who live both near and far from the areas in which they occur. The mental health impact is expected to be similar to a ripple effect, where the risk of mental health consequences generally decreases with increasing distance from the disaster center. However, we have not been able to identify studies of the ripple effect of man-made disaster on mental hea...

We reported elsewhere that orexin neurons are directly hyperpolarized by noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine. In the present study, we show that NA, dopamine, and adrenaline all directly hyperpolarized orexin neurons. This response was inhibited by the alpha2 adrenergic receptor (alpha2-AR) antagonist, idazoxan or BRL44408, and was mimicked by the alpha2-AR-selective agonist, UK14304. A low concent...

assess the ecological effects of economic activity on the water, earth and man in the iranian economy approach using input - output tablewater is a vital resource for each biological and economic phenomenon. water is considered as a production input. production is not possible without water in all economic sectors. also, the environment including air, soil, fauna and plants utilize water in the...

Reviewing forest carbon sinks is of the utmost importance in efforts to control climate change. This study focuses on reporting 20-year boreal growth values acquired with airborne laser scanning (ALS). The was examined Kalkkinen research site southern Finland as a continuation several earlier studies performed same area. data for were gathered three totally different systems, namely using Topos...