Malate, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolite, increased lifespan and thermotolerance in the nematode C. elegans. Malate can be synthesized from fumarate by the enzyme fumarase and further oxidized to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase with the accompanying reduction of NAD. Addition of fumarate also extended lifespan, but succinate addition did not, although all three intermediates a...

Hierarchical control ensures that facultative bacteria preferentially use the available respiratory electron acceptor with the most positive standard redox potential. Thus, nitrate is used before other electron acceptors such as fumarate for anaerobic respiration. Nitrate regulation is mediated by the NarX-NarL two-component system, which activates the transcription of operons encoding nitrate ...

Hi folks. A strong and unique point of BLUe's format system is its indexing on the fly. Be it for a total document or just for a chapter. One of the requisites for indexing on the fly is the possibility to sort within T E X. Sorting has always been an important topic in computer science. In T E X I needed sorting on several occasions especially for sorting numbers such as citation lists, words ...

The Australian Standard for safety-critical systems development, Def(Aust) 5679, was first released in 1998. As part of the release of Issue 2 (Department of Defence 2008) of the Standard, guidance material has been prepared to assist those who need to apply the Standard. The guidance is made up of three main parts: a case study that demonstrates how the Standard can be applied to an example sa...

In this study, to examine the mechanism of diethyl phthalate toxicity to cells, the effects of diethyl phthalate on apoptosis in a PC12 cell system were investigated by assaying apoptotic factors such as caspase-3, Bax, cytochrome c and DNA damage. Diethyl phthalate was shown to enhance the apoptosis induced by serum deprivation according to the results of DNA electrophoresis and TUNEL signal a...

Diethyl sebacate is used in topical medicaments in United States and Japan. We described a case of allergic contact dermatitis from diethyl sebacate in a topical antimycotic medicament. Allergic reaction to diethyl sebacate is likely more common because our group has found three of eight sensitized cases. We believe that an investigation regarding the sensitized frequency to diethyl sebacate wo...

Antianemic medicament ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumarate, and a Dynabi tablet with a basic iron bearing ingredient were studied with the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy. Room temperature spectra of ferrous gluconate gave clear evidence that the two phases of iron were present: ferrous (Fe2+) as a major one with a contribution at and above 91 a.u.% and ferric (Fe3+) whose contribution was found t...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS DEFICIENS (DEF)- and GLOBOSA (GLO)-like proteins constitute two sister clades of floral homeotic transcription factors that were already present in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of extant angiosperms. Together they specify the identity of petals and stamens in flowering plants. In core eudicots, DEF- and GLO-like proteins are functional in the cell only as heterodim...

The react ions occurr ing at potent ia ls of the second reduct ion wave of die thyl fumara t e (DEF) in d ime thy l fo rmamide solutions, where a cur ren t dip is f r equen t ly observed in the vo l t ammograms in the absence of added pro ton donors, was invest igated, The over -a l l react ion order was de te rmined by ro t a t ing disk e lec t rode studies of the var ia t ion in the current a...

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(10)H(24)N(3) (+)·0.5C(4)H(2)O(4) (2-)·0.5C(4)H(4)O(4), comprises a triisopropyl-guanidinium cation, half of a fumarate dianion and half of a fumaric acid mol-ecule; both the fumarate dianion and the fumaric acid mol-ecule are located on inversion centres. In the crystal, inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl groups of the fumaric ...