The European Diagnostic Working Group presented comprehensive diagnostic algorithms for cystic fibrosis (CF) and confirmed the fundamental role of the sweat test for the diagnosis of CF. However, several important differences between well-accepted guidelines for sweat testing 3 and the recommendations of the Working Group need to be discussed. An adequate sweat sampling volume depends on the sa...

Background: Transcription factors regulate gene expression by interacting with their specific DNA binding sites. Some transcription factors, particularly those involved in transcription initiation, always bind close to transcription start sites (TSS). Others have no such preference and are functional on sites even tens of thousands of base pairs (bp) away from the TSS. The Cyclic-AMP response e...

introduction: cystic fibrosis (cf) is a common genetic disorder in white populations with an autosomal recessive pattern, caused by mutations in the cftr gene. the frequency of more than 1950 various mutations reported in the cftr gene significantly varies in different populations. ∆f508 is a common mutation in exon 10, which is first addressed in the molecular analysis of the disease. other ex...

based on the controversial beliefs among l2 teachers about effective corrective feedback (cf) strategies, recast and prompts as 2 kinds of cf have drawn the attention of l2 researchers(e.g., braidi, 2002; iwashita, 2003; loewen & philp, 2006; panova & lyster, 2002; sheen, 2004). despite these numbers of studies, debate continues to exist about their usefulness as a cf technique. whereas...

Rootstock cuttings infected with latent Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD’s) pathogens are a major problem for nurseries. These fungal include several species of the genera Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella, Cadophora, Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Diaporthe and family Botryosphaeriaceae. Infected rootstock can cause losses up to 60 % during propagation post planting, be reservoir disease in vineyard. ...

Biometric based authentication protocols for multi-server architectures have gained momentum in recent times due to advancements in wireless technologies and associated constraints. Lu et al. recently proposed a robust biometric based authentication with key agreement protocol for a multi-server environment using smart cards. They claimed that their protocol is efficient and resistant to promin...

Introduction of and invasion by alien plant pathogens represents the main cause of emerging infectious diseases affecting domesticated and wild plant species worldwide. The trade in living plants is the most common pathway of introduction. Many of the alien tree pathogens recently introduced into Europe were not previously included on any quarantine lists. To help determine the potential risk o...