THE interesting theory of Szent-Gy6rgyi and co-workers [Annau et al., 1935] that in respiration the system fumarate-oxaloacetate functions catalytically in transporting activated metabolite hydrogen to the cytochrome (WarburgKeilin) system has received support in the experiments of Stare & Baumann [1936]. Using the manometric method with pigeon breast muscle and heart muscle (swine), the latter...

Human m-NAD(P)-ME [mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent ME (malic enzyme)] is a homotetramer, which is allosterically activated by the binding of fumarate. The fumarate-binding site is located at the dimer interface of the NAD(P)-ME. In the present study, we decipher the functional role of the residue Lys57, which resides at the fumarate-binding site and dimer interface, and thus may be involved in ...

Escherichia coli, which can utilize O2, nitrate, fumarate, or trimethylamine N-oxide (Me3NO) as terminal electron acceptor, preferentially utilizes the one with the highest redox potential. Thus O2 prevents induction of nitrate, fumarate, and Me3NO reductases, and nitrate curtails the induction of fumarate and Me3NO reductases. Under anaerobic conditions the narL gene product, in the presence o...

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoform NOX4 has been linked with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, a mechanistic understanding of the downstream effects of NOX4 remains to be established. We report that podocyte-specific induction of NOX4 in vivo was sufficient to recapitulate the characteristic glomerular changes noted with DKD, including glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix accumulation, g...

Some dialkyl alkylphosphonates and dialkyl phenylphosphonates were synthesized by the reactions between trialkyl phosphite and alkyl/aryl halide in the presence of benzene. The synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), fourier –transform infrared, ( 1 H, 13 C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. In vitro fungicidal ac...

Geometrically constrained dioxaphospholane rings were incorporated into a bis(phosphinimine)carbazole ligand (HL) in an effort to generate an ancillary ligand system that is capable of supporting reactive lutetium alkyl functionalities and resistant to cyclometalation reactivity. This new ligand was used to prepare a lutetium dialkyl species, LLu(CH2SiMe3)2; however, the complex exhibited low t...

The synthesis of the title compounds was carried out by reacting dicarboxylic acid chlorides with oximes in the presence of excess triethylamine. Disubstituted malonyl chlorides gave 2-alkenyl-4,4-dialkyl-3,5-isoxazolidinediones (8a-f) and 2,2'-ethylidene-bis[4,4-dialkyl-3,5-isoxazolidinedione]s (9a-f). Compounds 9 were formed from 8 and its N-unsubstituted 3,5-isoxazolidinedione decomposition ...

3-Sulfenyl- and 3-selenylindoles are readily synthesized by a two-step process involving the palladium/copper-catalyzed crossing coupling of N,N-dialkyl-ortho-iodoanilines and terminal alkynes and subsequent electrophilic cyclization of the resulting N,N-dialkyl-ortho-(1-alkynyl)anilines with arylsulfenyl chlorides or arylselenyl chlorides. The presence of a stoichiometric amount of n-Bu(4)NI i...

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 8 dialkyl sulfosuccinate salts for use in cosmetics, finding that these ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating. The dialkyl sulfosuccinate salts primarily function as surfactants in cosmetics. The Panel reviewed the new and existing av...

Mechanistic studies of the enolization of 2-methylcyclohexanone mediated by lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS; TMS(2)NLi) solvated by hindered dialkyl ethers (ROR') are described. Rate studies using in situ IR spectroscopy show that enolizations in the presence of i-Pr(2)O, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, and cineole proceed via dimer-based transition structures [(TMS(2)NLi)(2)(ROR')(ket...