To interpret the provenance 0f Injana Formation, 20 sandstone samples of Formation were collected from Zawita and Dekala areas north Iraq (10 for each sections ), then thin section have been done sildes. The petrographic study showed that sedimentary, metamorphic igneous rock fragments, quartz (mono&polycrystalline) feldspars (microcline, orthoclase plagioclase) make up main grain component...

The most ancient fossil record contains fundamentally important information on both the diversity and disparity of life. Yet this is not that easy to decode, due difficulties mainly pertaining impact geological history. Thus, convergence multiple lines evidence seen as necessary build a robust demonstration biogenicity putative traces Yet, we experimentally show here abiotic organic cell-like m...

Previous orbital mapping of crystalline gray haematite, ferric oxides, and sulfates has shown an association of this mineralogy with light-toned, layered deposits on the floor of Valles Marineris, in chaos terrains in the canyon’s outflow channels, and in Meridiani Planum. The exact nature of the relationship between ferric oxides and sulfates within Valles Marineris is uncertain. The Observato...

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are enigmatic chemical sedimentary rocks that chronicle the geochemical and microbial cycling of carbon in Precambrian. However, formation pathways Fe carbonate, namely siderite, remain disputed. Here, we provide photomicrographs, Fe, C O isotope organic whole rock from ~2.52 Ga Dagushan BIF Anshan area, China, to discuss origin siderite. There small magnetite grai...

-Chlor i te-mica aggregates in slates from northern Spain have been investigated in very-thin thin sections. Specimens from various parts of a fold show different morphologies that are dependent on the operating deformation mechanism. From the limb to the hinge rigid-body rotation becomes less important and folding and intragranular kinking are more common. This is associated with an increasing...

Thrombolitic fabrics of the Rocknest Formation, Northwest Territories, Canada (Hoffman, 1975; Grotzinger and Hoffman, 1983; Grotzinger, 1986a, 1989b) were disputed by Kennard and James (1986) and Kennard (1989) and classified as cryptomicrobial boundstones. Under close re-examination, these rocks reveal mesoscopic and microscopic fabrics which are indeed thrombolitic when considered in the cont...

On continental margins, oxidation of methane-rich fluids from the sediment often leads to formation of authigenic carbonate pavements on the seafloor. The biogeochemical processes involved during this carbonate precipitation are increasingly understood, but little is known about the duration or mode of carbonate crust formation. Here, we report uranium and thorium concentrations and isotope com...