one category of sokuks is “sokuk estesna’”. they are issued, offered and transferred, based upon a contract of estesna’ in construction of a specified property and/or its completion or in civil construction projects. “sokuk estesna” are divided and analyzed into two categories: the plain ones (direct and indirect) based upon a credit instrument; and complex (pursuant to a directive). the legal ...

Secured Credit Transactions (SCTs) are necessary and unavoidable transactions that business owners engage in to ensure their businesses thrive. However, because of the possibility a person seeking take loan may be desperate taken advantage time dire need, or on other hand, party present fake properties as security for loan, there legal requirements both debtor creditor must meet. This paper add...

This paper analyzes the relation between the quality of the legal enforcement of loan contracts and the allocation of credit to households, both theoretically and empirically. We use a model of household credit market with secured debt contracts, where the judicial system affects the cost incurred by banks to actually repossess the collateral. The model shows that the working of the judicial sy...

Letter of credit (L/C) has a massive role in expanding international trade operations. It is considered the most secure and stable banking service to finance foreign operations such as import export. As an contract, potential legal issues arise due fraud practices. In this case, L/C users have be aware different approaches followed by domestic courts while dealing with at level. This paper aims...

The forensic odontology discipline of bitemark analysis has been under scrutiny for a number years. significant issues associated with the practice were outlined in 2009 National Academy Sciences Report, 2016 Texas Forensic Science Commission report, 2018 President’s on and Technology, most recently 2022 draft report released by Institute Standards Technology. Current scientific study does not ...

The study aimed to analyze the impact of monetary policy on bank credit in Iraq. We depended application standard methods by applying a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL), based monthly data for time series period (2005 - 2021). results showed positive, long-term positive shock relationship independent variables (money supply, interest rate, inflation and deposits) dependent varia...

Factoring services can be traced historically to Roman times. Closer to our own era, factors arose in England as early as the thirteenth century, as commissioned merchants for manufactures in distant, unfamiliar markets. These factors relieved manufacturers of selling and credit collection responsibilities and specialized in assessing the market's risk and collecting monies due. While demand fo...