Plant polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are widely distributed and well-studied oxidative enzymes, and their effects on discoloration in damaged and diseased plant tissues have been known for many years. The discovery in C.A. Ryan’s laboratory in the mid-1990s that tomato PPO is induced by the herbivore defense signals systemin and jasmonate, together with seminal work on PPO’s possible effects on her...

The effects of Nexide (a.i. gamma-cyhalothrin 60 g L(-1)) on cumulative mortality, growth indices, and ontogenetic development of embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were studied. Levels of oxidative stress parameters glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation were determined. Eggs of newly...

Allomones are widely used by insects to impede predation. Frequently these chemical stimuli are released from specialized glands. The larvae of Chrysomelina leaf beetles produce allomones in gland reservoirs into which the required precursors and also the enzymes are secreted from attached gland cells. Hence, the reservoirs can be considered as closed bio-reactors for producing defensive secret...

As the rising cost of malpractice threatens to reduce the number of hospitals and physicians in various states across the nation, policy-makers must examine the factors contributing to these crises. Beyond studying the symptoms of malpractice crises, such as increasing claims frequency and severity manifested through increasing malpractice premia, policy-makers must consider flaws within the ma...

4 October 2000 Abstract This paper gives a formalization of defensive and enterprising strategies for firms. It then asks the question whether a rise in competition tends to make firms more enterprising or more defensive. Distinguishing three ways in which competition can be intensified, I find the following results. A rise in the number of opponents and a reduction in opponents’ costs make a f...

A set S of vertices a graph is defensive alliance if, for each element , the majority its neighbours are in . We study parameterised complexity Defensive Alliance where aim to find minimum size alliance. Our main results following: (1) has been studied extensively during last twenty years, but question whether it FPT when by feedback vertex still remained open. prove that problem W[1]-hard wide...

The hypothalamus is a forebrain structure critically involved in the organization of defensive responses to aversive stimuli. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic dysfunction in dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei is implicated in the origin of panic-like defensive behavior, as well as in pain modulation. The present study was conducted to test the difference between these two hypothal...

In urban areas, people often have to stand or move in close proximity to others. The egocentric distance to stimuli is a powerful determinant of defensive behavior in animals. Yet, little is known about how spatial proximity to others alters defensive responses in humans. We hypothesized that the valence of social cues scales with egocentric distance, such that proximal social stimuli have more...

Microbes are vital to the functioning of multicellular organisms. This realisation has fuelled great interest in the effects of microbes on the health of plant [1–3] and animal hosts [4–6] and has revealed that microbe-mediated protection against infectious disease is a widespread phenomenon (Table 1) [7–11]. Defensive microbes can protect hosts from infection by parasites (including pathogens ...