Pharmacological evidence suggests that anion channel-mediated plasma membrane anion effluxes are crucial in early defense signaling to induce immune responses and hypersensitive cell death in plants. However, their molecular bases and regulation remain largely unknown. We overexpressed Arabidopsis SLAC1, an S-type anion channel involved in stomatal closure, in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells and an...

Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these vital processes such as cytotoxicity phagocytosis. The main cellular constituents the fish system macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells, NK cytotoxic T cells. This review provides latest information on defense mechanisms an overview function mucosa...

Th1 lymphocytes produce cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, TNF-β and GM-CSF and play an important role in the increase of delaying sensitivity and defense against intracellular pathogens. IFN-γ is the most important Th1 cell cytokine that induces the production of IgG, activation of macrophages,enhancing phagocytosis, and also increasing MHC class I and class II mo...

Introduction: Defense mechanisms represent a crucial component of our capacity to maintain emotional homeostasis. The present study is carried out with the purpose of determining the predictability of psychological health and sport success by defense mechanisms used by elite athletes. Materials & Methods: A sample of 385 (285 male and 100 female) elite at...

Basic Biology of Pneumocystis Antigens Relevant to Protective Immunity to Pneumocystis Host Response to Pneumocystis in Neonatal Mice CD4 and CD8 T Cells in Host Defense against Pneumocystis B Cells in Host Defense against Pneumocystis Interactions of Pneumocystis with Macrophages, Epithelial Cells, and Surfactant Lung Inflammation and Injury during Pneumocystis Pneumonia Modulation of Host Def...

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of sepsis. The common Toll-like receptor adapter myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD)88 is crucial for host defense against Klebsiella. Here we investigated the role of MyD88 in myeloid and endothelial cells during Klebsiella pneumosepsis. Mice deficient for MyD88 in myeloid (LysM-Myd88(-/-)) and myeloid plus endothelial (Tie2-Myd88(-/-...

Mucosal epithelial cells, including those at the ocular surface, resist infection by most microbes in vivo but can be susceptible to microbial virulence in vitro. While fluids bathing mucosal surfaces (e.g. tears) contain antimicrobials, potentially pathogenic microbes often thrive in these fluids, suggesting that additional mechanisms mediate epithelial resistance in vivo. Here, tear fluid act...

One of the major complications in cancer chemotherapy is the development of resistance, and cisplatin, as one of the important medicines in treatment regimens of different cancers is not excluded. One of the most described cellular defense mechanisms involved in resistance is glutathione (GSH) and in this study, the effects of cisplatin on the total intracellular GSH level (GSHi) in some sensit...

patients and methods in total, 98 samples in four groups (hiv-positive and hiv-negative persons with and without oc) were obtained from the oral cavities and cultured on sabouraud’s dextrose agar and chromagar. also blood samples were obtained to assess plasma level of ifn-γ, il-4, il-6 and il-17 using elisa technique. background cell-mediated immunity (cmi) by cd4 + th (t helper)-type cells is...