The hypothesis that constitutive and inducible plant resistance against herbivores should trade-off because they use the same resources and impose costs to plant fitness has been postulated for a long time. Negative correlations between modes of deployment of resistance and defences have been observed across and within species in common garden experiments. It was therefore tested whether that p...

Many more platelets are present in healthy mammals than are necessary for routine haemostasis. Thus, they could have other functions. Platelets have many of the attributes of innate immune function including Toll-like receptors. They also contain a wide range of anti-microbial peptides in storage granules. Platelets play an important role in bacterial infections, both in disease progress and in...

Vaccination is the cornerstone for controlling many pathogen infections [1-8], and is also under scrutiny for cancer Immunoprophylaxis/immunotherapy [9,10]. Induction of both antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) defences is preferable for ensuring robust immune defence against most pathogen infections, although defence against certain pathogens may require a more dominant CMI response as exe...

10.1080/10242690410001688224 Defence and Peace Economics 24-2694 (print)/1476-8267 (online) Original Articl 2 0 Taylor & Francis Ltd 5 30April 0 . S.Andreou Unive sity f CyprusDepartment of Computer Science75 Kallipoleos str.PO Box 20537CY1678 [email protected] The issue that this paper tackles is the assessment of the relative security benefits that Cyprus and Greece derive in th...

Plants deploy a finely tuned balance between growth and defence responses for better fitness. Crosstalk between defence signalling hormones such as salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonates (JAs) as well as growth regulators plays a significant role in mediating the trade-off between growth and defence in plants. Here, we specifically discuss how the mutual antagonism between the signalling of auxin a...

This paper introduces a variation on Kak’s three-stage quanutm key distribution protocol which allows for defence against the man in the middle attack. In addition, we introduce a new protocol, which also offers similar resiliance against such an attack.

The pathogen virulence is traditionally thought to co-evolve as a result of reciprocal selection with its host organism. In natural communities, pathogens and hosts are typically embedded within a web of interactions with other species, which could affect indirectly the pathogen virulence and host immunity through trade-offs. Here we show that selection by predation can affect both pathogen vir...

Numerous studies have highlighted the key roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in aging-related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In aging cells, the natural antioxidant capacity decreases and the overall efficiency of reparative systems against cell damage becomes impaired. There is convincing data that stilbe...

Besides the combat-arms assets, rapid troops of Royal Hungarian Defence Forces also had field artillery (light howitzers), air defence and anti-tank guns. The order battle motorised units required existence one (after autumn 1941, two) battalion(s) with vehicle-drawn assets for providing combat support. battalions initially four batteries light howitzers, while armoured divisions two battalions...

The immunologic defense mechanism is well demon­trated in neoplasia of animals and human. Spontaneous regression of many human tumors such as malignant melanomas, 1vmphosarcomas, neuroblastomas choriocar­cinomas, adenocarcinomas and leukemias is due to the defense mechanism of lymphoretrcular system. The discovery of carcinoembrvonicantigen in carcinoma of gastrointestinal tract and the alpha-f...