(MLP Abstract: Intelligent design includes aspects that are proper science and aspects that are philosophy. Contrary to President Rawlings' assertions in this speech, the science aspects do not constitute junk science. Rather, they are valid and important elements of the study of origins in biology. They are needed as a counter-weight to Darwinism because much of Darwinism is driven by the worl...

women needed a little, and, more frequently, immigrants needed less than the native-born, while black men and women had a natural immunity to pain. In general, the available surgical records of hospitals in the late nineteenth century show these theoretical ideas reflected in the actual frequency of anaesthesia used for different groups of patients. Pernick's account displays the many arguments...