Protein surface mimetics achieve high-affinity binding by exploiting a scaffold to project binding groups over a large area of solvent-exposed protein surface to make multiple cooperative noncovalent interactions. Such recognition is a prerequisite for competitive/orthosteric inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). This paper describes biophysical and structural studies on ruthenium(...

The temporal relationship between mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and reactive oxygen species production during apoptosis remains unknown. We analyzed the rate of superoxide production of human breast carcinoma cells expressing a cytochrome c-green fluorescent protein (cyt-c-GFP) fusion protein at the single-cell level during apoptosis. In cells treated with the proapoptotic agents stau...

BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only proteins of the Bcl-2 family activate Bax or Bak during apoptosis to promote the release of pro-death factors sequestered in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Previous results demonstrated that a synthetic BH3 peptide mimics the ability of the BH3-only protein Bid to promote Bax insertion and cytochrome c (cyt c) release from neural cell mitochondria. However, t...

Electron transfer from the Rieske iron-sulfur protein to cytochrome c(1) (cyt c(1)) in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome bc(1) complex was studied using a ruthenium dimer complex, Ru(2)D. Laser flash photolysis of a solution containing reduced cyt bc(1), Ru(2)D, and a sacrificial electron acceptor results in oxidation of cyt c(1) within 1 micros, followed by electron transfer from the iron...

Mixed monomolecular films of cytochrome (Cyt) and chlorophyll (Chl) were spread at a nitrogen-water interface. A large interaction is observed between reduced Cyt f and Chl a in a mixed film. Oxidized Cyt f and Chl a in a mixed film show little evidence for interaction. Mixed monomolecular films of Chl a with either reduced or oxidized Cyt c appears to result in denaturation of the protein at t...

Snakehead fish with different geographical differences can have an impact on genetic diversity. DNA barcoding is a system designed to identify species precisely and accurately by using short standardized gene regions. This study aims determine the diversity of snakehead populations in four areas East Java. used Cytochrome b (Cyt b) sequence mitochondrial variation wild population Channa striata...

Cytochrome C has two apparently separable cellular functions: respiration and caspase activation during apoptosis. While a role of the mitochondria and cytochrome C in the assembly of the apoptosome and caspase activation has been established for mammalian cells, the existence of a comparable function for cytochrome C in invertebrates remains controversial. Drosophila possesses two cytochrome c...

The kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of ferricytochrome c [Cyt c(III)] by substrates namely glutathione (GSH) and L-cysteine (L-cys) have been investigated spectrophotometrically employing [substrate]T >> [Cyt c(III)]T. The reaction exhibits first order dependence in [substrate]T and [Cyt c(III)]T. The pseudo-first order rate constant increases with an increase in pH, indicating that the...

In the present study, the interactions between cisplatin and cytochrome c are investigated. Based on high-resolution X-ray diffraction data, two monometalated species, i.e. cyt c-Pt(NH3)2 and cyt c-Pt(NH3)2Cl, are found to be the main adducts that form in the reaction between the protein and the drug. Both monodentate and bidentate platinum coordination to the protein is observed, with platinum...