In India agriculture is operated and maintained by family of farmers. The proper financial accounting is not maintained in agriculture. Attention should be given on proper accounting in agriculture. The incomplete records are maintained on cash basis. Proper maintenance of accounts is useful for owners, government and research agencies. Government decided subsidy for fertilizers, manures and fo...

Britain's leading independent think-tank on international development and humanitarian issues About HPG The Humanitarian Policy Group at the Overseas Development Institute is dedicated to improving humanitarian policy and practice. It conducts independent research, provides specialist advice and promotes informed debate.

Given a vast empirical evidence that cash is widely used in the underground economy, inter-governmental bodies like FATF recommend policy measures aimed at limitation of cash and at combat of money laundering. We show that there is no simple monotone relationship between policy and the size of underground economy, so that the policy has at best a limited scope.

This paper directly links the risk premium on an asset to two characteristics of its underlying cash flow: cash flow covariance with aggregate consumption; and cash flow duration, which measures the temporal pattern of the cash flow. Their impact on the cross-sectional variation of risk premia can be largely captured by a two-factor cash flow model. While cash flow covariance is of firstorder i...

Resum Cash management is concerned with optimizing costs of short-term cash policies of a company. Different optimization models have been proposed in the literature whose focus has been only placed on a single objective, namely, on minimizing costs. However, cash managers may also be interested in risk associated to cash policies. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective cash management mod...

Resum Cash management is concerned with optimizing costs of short-term cash policies of a company. Different optimization models have been proposed in the literature whose focus has been only placed on a single objective, namely, on minimizing costs. However, cash managers may also be interested in risk associated to cash policies. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective cash management mod...

Resumen Cash management is concerned with optimizing costs of short-term cash policies of a company. Different optimization models have been proposed in the literature whose focus has been only placed on a single objective, namely, on minimizing costs. However, cash managers may also be interested in risk associated to cash policies. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective cash management m...

Resum Cash management is concerned with optimizing costs of short-term cash policies of a company. Different optimization models have been proposed in the literature whose focus has been only placed on a single objective, namely, on minimizing costs. However, cash managers may also be interested in risk associated to cash policies. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective cash management mod...

Cash management is concerned with optimizing costs of short-term cash policies of a company. Different optimization models have been proposed in the literature whose focus has been only placed on a single objective, namely, on minimizing costs. However, cash managers may also be interested in risk associated to cash policies. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective cash management model bas...

Physical cash is vulnerable to rising threats, such as large-scale, government-mandated forgeries, that digital cash may protect against more effectively. We study mechanisms to combine physical cash with digital cash to remove their respective shortcomings and obtain their combined advantages. We discuss initial mechanisms and examine their cost and benefit trade-offs.