The spin density wave phase transition in chromium has been studied by angle-resolved photoemission on a (110) surface. The electronic band structure is shown to exhibit backfolding in the antiferromagnetic state. Direct spectroscopic evidence is obtained on the gradual opening of an energy gap at the Fermi level. The gap extends almost isotropically around the G point, its magnitude reaching 2...

[1] Soil surface temperature is a critical boundary condition for the simulation of soil temperature by environmental models. It is influenced by atmospheric and soil conditions and by vegetation cover. In sophisticated land surface models, it is simulated iteratively by solving surface energy budget equations. In ecosystem, permafrost, and hydrology models, the consideration of soil surface te...

In this paper the factor of safety (FS) and critical line-segments slip surface obtained by the Alternating Variable Local Gradient (AVLG) optimization method was presented as a new topic in 2D. Results revealed that the percentage of reduction in the FS obtained by switching from a circular shape to line segments was higher with the AVLG method than other methods. The 2D-AVLG optimization meth...

the subjects of heat transfer and cooling system are very important topics in the internal combustion engines (ice). in modern cooling systems, low weight, small size and high compactness are the critical designing criteria that requires heat transfer enhancement. boiling phenomenon which is occurred in the water jacket of the ice is one of the methods to increase heat transfer in the coolant s...

this study simulates the temperature field and temperature stress of concrete face slabs, considering the cold waves that occur during construction as well as the contact friction between the face slabs and the cushion layer. the results show that when a cold wave occurs during construction, the surface and center temperature of the face slabs continually drop with the outside air temperature, ...

2014 The nearest-neighbour Ising model of a semi-infinite ferromagnet in which nearsurface couplings may differ from their bulk values is considered. In the critical region near secondorder phase transitions the decay of fluctuations of the magnetization density is described by a diffusion equation with a damping term. Using mean-field theory, the diffusion coefficients of fluctuations in the p...

The effect of both surface coupling Js and surface magnetic field Hs on the dependency of the layering temperature TL as a function of the thickness N , of a spin−1/2 Ising film is studied using mean field theory. It is found that for Js greater than a critical value (Jsc = 1.30), the layering temperature decreases when the film thickness N increases for any values of Hs. While, for Js < Jsc, t...

in this paper we studied the thermal negativity in a two-qubit xx spin ½ chain model and xxx spin1/2 chain model(isotropic heisenberg model)spin-1/2 chain subjected to an external magnetic field inz direction. we calculate analytical relation for the thermal negativity for two qubit xx and xxx spinchain models in the external magnetic field. effects of the magnetic field and temperature on then...

We investigate the behavior of colloidal particles immersed in a binary liquid mixture of water and 2,6-lutidine in the presence of a chemically patterned substrate. Close to the critical point of the mixture, the particles are subjected to critical Casimir interactions with force components normal and parallel to the surface. Because the strength and sign of these interactions can be tuned by ...