background : lack of insight in patients with bipolar i disorder has been associated with poor course and clinical outcome and compromised therapeutic compliance. therefore, it is important to evaluate insight and use more specialized scales such as mood disorder insight scale (mdis) in these patients. our objective in this study was to assess validity and reliability of persian version of mdis...

background & purpose: in the health sector, in addition to the important consequence of treatment, health system should meet the expectations regarding the desirability of services. expectations and perceptions of patients about the desirability of services play an important role in selecting hospitals, their loyalty to the organization & replanning to purchase. thus the present study has been ...

il-32 and tnf? are important cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. il-32 has not been previously studied with respect to ms. here, we report il-32 and tnf? transcript levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ms patients and control individuals by real time pcr. a significant difference in il-32 and tnf? mrna levels of patients as compared to controls was not observed. howeve...

Characteristic patterns of variation over time, namely rhythms, represent a defining feature of complex systems, one that is synonymous with life. Despite the intrinsic dynamic, interdependent and nonlinear relationships of their parts, complex biological systems exhibit robust systemic stability. Applied to critical care, it is the systemic properties of the host response to a physiological in...

Prevalent in critically ill patients, delirium remains poorly understood and difficult to treat. In a cross-sectional study conducted in 12 countries, delirium was identified in close to one third of patients and was independently associated with increased mortality. While such epidemiological accounts represent an important cornerstone for research, scientific efforts are needed to elucidate t...

Medical resources routinely used for intravenous hydration and resuscitation of critically ill patients may be limited in remote regions of the world. When faced with these shortages, physicians have had to improvise with the available resources, or simply do without. We report the successful use of coconut water as a short-term intravenous hydration fluid for a Solomon Island patient, a labora...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review the facilities of early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients. DATA SOURCES Review articles as well as original papers are the main sources for this contribution. SELECTION CRITERIA Pathophysiologic conditions of intestinal substrate assimilation during hypermetabolism are described. The resulting consequences for enteral alimentatio...

Lactic acid was first discovered in human blood in 1843. Since then it has been used as a prognosticator of outcome in critical illness. Regardless of its etiology, lactate's presence and trend over time have been shown to be independently associated with mortality. Two dynamic lactate measures, the time-weighted average lactate and the absolute change in lactate over the first 24 hours in the ...

This review provides an update on the various techniques that are available to monitor patients during mechanical ventilation with an emphasis on clinical observations and applications in critically ill patients.