A bi-proportional divisor method is applied to allocate the seats of the 2004 Spanish Congress, thus achieving proportionality relative to the population counts in the fifty-two districts, as well as proportionality relative to the vote counts for the political parties. Also, advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The article is devoted to the search for formal criteria of economic humanization in new millennium. fields and limits a human-oriented economy are defined as such criteria. Fields considered system relations which socio-economic human rights realized. As results comparative analysis, it established that list characterized by constant development. set these most clearly outlined today Sustainab...

Rules i.–iii. are clear and do not require any comments, but rule iv. may raise some doubts. Although the very notion of degressive proportionality can, in principle, be defined in a mathematically rigorous way, one may construct several different methods of distribution of the seats in the Parliament consistent with this rule. Roughly speaking, degressive proportionality means a conjunction of...

We derive bounds for the mixture failure rate in the multiplicative (proportional hazards) model. We explicitly show that the corresponding proportionality in subpopulations does not result in proportionality for a whole population. We analyze the shape of the mixture failure rate in an environment with a stress change point and also discuss the effect of shocks which change a mixing distribution.